{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T04:16:53Z","timestamp":1788236213556,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Innovational Fund for Scientific and Technological Personnel of Hainan Province","award":["KJRC2023C35"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJRC2023C35"]}]},{"name":"Hainan Province Science and Technology Special Fund","award":["ZDYF2025XDNY123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDYF2025XDNY123"]}]},{"name":"Hainan Seed Industry Laboratory","award":["B25H10CA1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B25H10CA1"]}]},{"name":"Hainan Seed Industry Laboratory","award":["B25Z10002P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B25Z10002P"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In aquaculture, reduced water exchange helps constrain exogenous pathogen invasion, lower pumping costs, and improve management efficiency; nevertheless, its effects on the growth of cultured aquatic animals remain poorly characterized. This study compared two daily water-exchange rates (100% and 0%) to evaluate growth and associated intestinal responses in Babylonia areolata (ivory shell). Growth performance and intestinal enzyme activities were measured, while 16S rRNA gene sequencing and untargeted metabolomics were used to characterize microbial composition and metabolite profiles. The low-water-exchange group exhibited significantly lower weight gain rate (WGR, p &lt; 0.0001), specific growth rate (SGR, p &lt; 0.0001), daily increments in shell length (DISL, p = 0.0060), and shell width (DISW, p = 0.0012). Intestinal total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD, p &lt; 0.0001) and lipase (LIP, p = 0.0011) activities were also significantly lower. The relative abundances of Vibrio, Halodesulfovibrio, and Fusibacter were higher, whereas that of Christensenellaceae_R-7_group was lower. Lipid-related metabolic pathways showed the most pronounced intestinal differences. Intestinal levels of prostaglandins (PGs), leukotrienes (LTs), and sphingosine (Sph) were significantly higher under low-water-exchange conditions. The relative abundance of Halodesulfovibrio correlated positively with PGs and LTs but negatively with lysophospholipids (Lpc) and T-SOD activity. The relative abundance of Christensenellaceae_R-7_group correlated positively with LIP activity and was significantly associated with metabolites involved in primary bile acid biosynthesis. Overall, low-water-exchange conditions were associated with coordinated changes in growth, intestinal enzyme activities, microbial composition, and metabolite profiles, although the underlying mechanisms require functional validation. These findings provide new insights into intestinal microbiota\u2013metabolite responses to low-water-exchange conditions and may guide future validation and intervention studies in RAS-based ivory shell culture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology15171473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T03:19:26Z","timestamp":1788232766000},"page":"1473","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Water Exchange Rate Shapes Intestinal Microbiota\u2013Metabolite Interactions and Physiological Responses in Babylonia areolata"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Di","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation for Tropical Marine Bioresources of Ministry of Education, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China"},{"name":"Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Maricultural Technologies, Hainan Academy of Ocean and Fisheries Sciences, Haikou 571126, China"},{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Mingqiu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation for Tropical Marine Bioresources of Ministry of Education, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China"},{"name":"Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Maricultural Technologies, Hainan Academy of Ocean and Fisheries Sciences, Haikou 571126, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Hongtao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation for Tropical Marine Bioresources of Ministry of Education, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China"},{"name":"Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Maricultural Technologies, Hainan Academy of Ocean and Fisheries Sciences, Haikou 571126, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1243-9091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feng","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5406-7532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhigang","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation for Tropical Marine Bioresources of Ministry of Education, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China"},{"name":"Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Maricultural Technologies, Hainan Academy of Ocean and Fisheries Sciences, Haikou 571126, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Minghui","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation for Tropical Marine Bioresources of Ministry of Education, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China"},{"name":"Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Maricultural Technologies, Hainan Academy of Ocean and Fisheries Sciences, Haikou 571126, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-024-04001-9","article-title":"Chromosome-level genome assembly of the ivory shell Babylonia areolata","volume":"11","author":"Zou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2022.739193","article-title":"Effects of salinity on growth performance, physiological response, and body biochemical composition of juvenile ivory shell (Babylonia areolata)","volume":"566","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Y., Du, X., Yang, Y., Wang, A., Gu, Z., and Liu, C. (2023). Dietary taurine intake affects the growth performance, lipid composition, and antioxidant defense of juvenile ivory shell (Babylonia areolata). Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13162592"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"7","article-title":"Studies on the pathogenic bacteria and their virulence factors of \u2018acute death syndrome\u2019 in Babylonia areolata","volume":"38","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mar. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dai, C., Li, X., Luo, D., Liu, Q., Sun, Y., Tu, Z., and Shen, M. (2022). First report on genome analysis and pathogenicity of Vibrio tubiashii FP17 from farmed ivory shell (Babylonia areolata). Fishes, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/fishes7060396"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-019-00373-7","article-title":"Individual growth rates of pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) depending on water exchange rates in recirculating aquaculture systems","volume":"27","author":"Steinberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aquac. Int."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2109.2010.02545.x","article-title":"Low-density culture of red abalone juveniles, Haliotis rufescens Swainson 1822, recirculating aquaculture system and flow-through system","volume":"42","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1111\/are.15686","article-title":"Effect of stocking density on growth of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) cultured in containers in a land-based recirculating aquaculture system (C-RAS)","volume":"53","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5864","DOI":"10.1111\/are.13409","article-title":"Conditioning, maturation and year-round natural spawning of orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides (Hamilton, 1822), in recirculating aquaculture system","volume":"48","author":"Ranjan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"688","article-title":"Growth performance and physiological changes of olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus by concentration of ozone-produced oxidants in semi-RAS","volume":"51","author":"Jung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Korean J. Fish. Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaeng.2013.09.004","article-title":"Culture of yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi) in a marine recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) with artificial seawater","volume":"58","author":"Orellana","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aquac. Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1007\/s00343-019-7350-7","article-title":"Effects of stocking density on the growth and immunity of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar reared in recirculating aquaculture system (RAS)","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Oceanol. Limnol."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Sakas, A. (2016). Evaluation of Whiteleg Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Growth and Survival in Three Salinities Under RAS Conditions. [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of Michigan]. Available online: https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/2027.42\/123043."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaeng.2012.10.008","article-title":"Culture feasibility of eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) in zero-water exchange recirculating aquaculture systems using synthetically derived seawater and live feeds","volume":"54","author":"Kuhn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aquac. Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.07.011","article-title":"Impact assessment of various rearing systems on fish health using multibiomarker response and metal accumulation","volume":"61","author":"Deviller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2009.09.030","article-title":"Is growth retardation present in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus cultured in low water exchange recirculating aquaculture systems?","volume":"298","author":"Martins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e29205","article-title":"Response of antioxidation and immunity to combined influences of pH and ammonia nitrogen in the spotted babylon (Babylonia areolata)","volume":"10","author":"Ding","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, C., Sun, Y., Hong, X., Yu, F., Yang, Y., Wang, A., and Gu, Z. (2023). Effects of ammonia and salinity stress on non-volatile and volatile compounds of ivory shell (Babylonia areolata). Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12173200"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2022.738857","article-title":"Effects of long-term exposure to ammonia on growth performance, immune response, and body biochemical composition of juvenile ivory shell, Babylonia areolata","volume":"562","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2022.111732","article-title":"Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) fruit phenolic extract supplementation ameliorates NAFLD by modulating insulin resistance, oxidative stress, inflammation, liver metabolism and gut microbiota","volume":"160","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2021.736658","article-title":"Deep insight into bacterial community characterization and relationship in the pond water, sediment and the gut of shrimp (Penaeus japonicus)","volume":"539","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butt, R.L., and Volkoff, H. (2019). Gut microbiota and energy homeostasis in fish. Front. Endocrinol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00009"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1134\/S0026261724609187","article-title":"Gut microbiota composition of American horseshoe crabs (Limulus polyphemus) from Yucatan Peninsula","volume":"94","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, W., Huang, X., Qin, H., Fu, Z., Yang, R., Deng, Z., Zhu, J., Wang, D., and Zheng, Z. (2025). Effect of intestinal microbiota on growth rate of Babylonia areolata. PLoS ONE, 20.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0322985"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, K., Zhang, S., Xu, K., and Wang, H. (2024). Structural analysis and functional prediction of gut microbiota in wild and cultured striped knifejaw (Oplegnathus fasciatus). J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse12122275"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.2011.11018","article-title":"High plasticity of the gut microbiome and muscle metabolome of Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) in diverse environments","volume":"31","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-010-9796-1","article-title":"A closer look at Bacteroides: Phylogenetic relationship and genomic implications of a life in the human gut","volume":"61","author":"Karlsson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tao, L., Chai, J., Liu, H., Huang, W., Zou, Y., Wu, M., Peng, B., Wang, Q., and Tang, K. (2022). Characterization and dynamics of the gut microbiota in rice fishes at different developmental stages in rice\u2013fish coculture systems. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10122373"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1080\/23308249.2016.1277973","article-title":"Biocontrol of luminous vibriosis in shrimp aquaculture: A review of current approaches and future perspectives","volume":"25","author":"Dash","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Fish. Sci. Aquac."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4101","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00061-08","article-title":"The extracellular metalloprotease of Vibrio tubiashii is a major virulence factor for Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) larvae","volume":"74","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.06-6255com","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide induces DNA damage and changes in apoptotic gene expression in human lung fibroblast cells","volume":"21","author":"Baskar","year":"2007","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2020.03.007","article-title":"Possible synergy effect of hydrogen sulfide and acetate produced by sulfate-reducing bacteria on inflammatory bowel disease development","volume":"27","author":"Kushkevych","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2021.102321","article-title":"Non-oral Prevotella stepping into the spotlight","volume":"68","author":"Accetto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdelrahman, M., Wang, W., An, Z., Lv, H., Hua, G., Ahmed, A.E., Alsaegh, A., and Yang, L. (2023). 16S rRNA sequencing reveals the antibacterial effect of omega-3 (fish oil) against fibrolytic bacteria, altering fermentation and volatile fatty acids profile in vitro. Fermentation, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation9070596"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, T., Qin, Y., Ke, L., Wang, X., Wang, K., Sun, Y., and Ye, J. (2022). Dietary lactoferrin supplementation improves growth performance and intestinal health of juvenile orange-spotted groupers (Epinephelus coioides). Metabolites, 12.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-1723165\/v1"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9667909","DOI":"10.1155\/anu\/9667909","article-title":"Gut microbe Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group- and Knoellia-mediated acetic acid regulates glucose and lipid metabolism in the muscle of freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens) under high-fat diets","volume":"2025","author":"Xue","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aquac. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fix153","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fix153","article-title":"Identification of universal gut microbial biomarkers of common human intestinal diseases by meta-analysis","volume":"93","author":"Mancabelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.026989-0","article-title":"Description of Christensenella minuta gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from human faeces, which forms a distinct branch in the order Clostridiales, and proposal of Christensenellaceae fam. nov","volume":"62","author":"Morotomi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, J., Xu, K., Liu, H., Liu, G., Bai, M., Peng, C., Li, T., and Yin, Y. (2018). Impact of the gut microbiota on intestinal immunity mediated by tryptophan metabolism. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00013"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200113416","article-title":"Mixed messages: Modulation of inflammation and immune responses by prostaglandins and thromboxanes","volume":"108","author":"Tilley","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-018-0714-2","article-title":"Serum metabolic profiling identified a distinct metabolic signature in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis\u2014A potential biomarker role for LysoPC","volume":"19","author":"Rindlisbacher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16817","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R117.800169","article-title":"Stress-sensing mechanisms and the physiological roles of the Keap1\u2013Nrf2 system during cellular stress","volume":"292","author":"Suzuki","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"gix087","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/gix087","article-title":"Lipidomics profiling reveals the role of glycerophospholipid metabolism in psoriasis","volume":"6","author":"Zeng","year":"2017","journal-title":"GigaScience"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2024.10.006","article-title":"Microbiota-derived lysophosphatidylcholine alleviates Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathology via suppressing ferroptosis","volume":"37","author":"Zha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rai, R. (2022). Cross talk of purinergic and immune signaling: Implication in inflammatory and pathogenic diseases. Purinergic System, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.104978"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13085","article-title":"Nucleotide signalling during inflammation","volume":"509","author":"Idzko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s11302-022-09891-1","article-title":"Exploration of the link between gut microbiota and purinergic signalling","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Purinergic Signal."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.74.1.28-39.2006","article-title":"Role of sphingolipids in microbial pathogenesis","volume":"74","author":"Heung","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1080\/15216540600871118","article-title":"Sphingosine and ceramide signalling in apoptosis","volume":"58","author":"Woodcock","year":"2006","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"83","article-title":"The role and mechanism of action of bile acids in the digestive system\u2014Bile acids in the gut","volume":"17","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-023-01570-0","article-title":"Gut commensal Christensenella minuta modulates host metabolism via acylated secondary bile acids","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/15\/17\/1473\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T03:45:46Z","timestamp":1788234346000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/15\/17\/1473"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["biology15171473"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology15171473","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-7737"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-7737","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]}}}