{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T10:17:12Z","timestamp":1788430632906,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Harbin University Young Doctor Scientific Research Foundation","award":["HUDF2024205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HUDF2024205"]}]},{"name":"Harbin University Special Fund for Rural Revitalization Doctoral Scientific Research","award":["HXC2023003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HXC2023003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Saline\u2013alkali stress severely restricts leafy vegetable growth by impairing photosynthesis, ion homeostasis, and oxidative balance. This study investigated whether exogenous melatonin could alleviate saline\u2013alkali stress in pakchoi (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis) through coordinated protection of photosynthetic electron transport, ionic balance, and antioxidant defense. Pakchoi plants were subjected to four treatments: normal nutrient solution (CK), 100 \u03bcM melatonin (MT), 100 mM mixed saline\u2013alkali stress with NaCl:NaHCO3 at 2:1 (SAS), and saline\u2013alkali stress plus melatonin (SAS+MT). After 7 d, growth traits, gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, OJIP transients, ion contents, osmotic adjustment, oxidative damage, and antioxidant enzyme activities were analyzed. Saline\u2013alkali stress markedly inhibited growth, reduced photosynthetic pigment contents and gas exchange, impaired PSII photochemical performance, disrupted ion balance, and increased ROS accumulation and membrane damage. Compared with SAS, SAS+MT increased net photosynthetic rate (Pn) by 66.2%, effective quantum yield of PSII [Y(II)] by 56.0%, electron transport rate (ETR) by 57.9%, and the performance index on absorption basis (PIABS) from 0.80 to 1.80. Melatonin also reduced Na+ content by 38.7%, increased the K+\/Na+ ratio from 1.0 to 2.2, and enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD),peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities by 20.5%, 24.4%, 29.2%, and 33.3%, respectively. These results indicate that melatonin alleviates saline\u2013alkali injury in pakchoi by maintaining PSII electron transport, improving ion homeostasis, and strengthening antioxidant defense.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology15171506","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T09:20:43Z","timestamp":1788427243000},"page":"1506","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Melatonin Alleviates Saline\u2013Alkali Stress in Pakchoi by Protecting Photosynthetic Electron Transport, Ion Homeostasis, and Antioxidant Defense"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Baolong","family":"Du","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Cold Region Wetland Ecology and Environment Research, School of Geography and Tourism, Harbin University, Harbin 150086, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yongfu","family":"Ju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Cold Region Wetland Ecology and Environment Research, School of Geography and Tourism, Harbin University, Harbin 150086, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6806-9199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinbo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Natural Resources and Ecology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Cold Region Wetland Ecology and Environment Research, School of Geography and Tourism, Harbin University, Harbin 150086, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Juexian","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Cold Region Wetland Ecology and Environment Research, School of Geography and Tourism, Harbin University, Harbin 150086, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Jinlong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Cold Region Wetland Ecology and Environment Research, School of Geography and Tourism, Harbin University, Harbin 150086, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Cold Region Wetland Ecology and Environment Research, School of Geography and Tourism, Harbin University, Harbin 150086, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Haixiu","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Natural Resources and Ecology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2014.12.001","article-title":"Soil salinity: A serious environmental issue and plant growth promoting bacteria as one of the tools for its alleviation","volume":"22","author":"Shrivastava","year":"2015","journal-title":"Saudi J. 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