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This review examines physiological adaptation as an alternative framework, drawing on human intervention and observational evidence across five biological systems: iron homeostasis, endogenous biosynthesis of creatine and carnosine, protein metabolism, fermentation of dietary fiber by the gut microbiota, and the microbial biotransformation of plant polyphenols. Sustained changes in dietary exposure are accompanied by coordinated homeostatic responses, including increased intestinal iron absorption, upregulated endogenous synthesis, improved nitrogen economy, functional remodeling of the gut microbiota, and enhanced polyphenol biotransformation, which contribute to maintaining physiological function. However, adaptive capacity is not unlimited: pregnancy, chronic inflammation, malabsorptive disease, and severe or prolonged dietary insufficiency can exceed adaptive capacity and increase the physiological relevance of dietary intake, planning, or supplementation. Recognizing physiological adaptation as a distinct, measurable phenomenon reframes plant-based diets less as inherently deficient patterns requiring correction and more as a physiological model for understanding how the human body responds to sustained dietary change, with implications for interpreting acute versus long-term evidence and for nutritional counseling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology15171520","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T09:20:43Z","timestamp":1788427243000},"page":"1520","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Physiological Adaptation to Plant-Based Diets: A Homeostatic Framework for Sustained Dietary Change"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0553-6210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"L\u00f3pez-Moreno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Diet, Planetary Health and Performance, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6123-4577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"Nagra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Practice, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana Del Carmen","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-F\u00edgares Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1755-3644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gian Pierre","family":"Gomez-Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Nutricional (IIN), Lima 15000, Peru"},{"name":"Departamento de Nutrici\u00f3n y Diet\u00e9tica, Hospital Regional Hermilio Valdizan Medrano, MINSA, Hu\u00e1nuco 10000, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0491-3993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hana","family":"Kahleova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, DC 20016, USA"},{"name":"Diabetes Center, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 140 21 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Willett, W.C. 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