{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T10:11:58Z","timestamp":1788775918589,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shaanxi Academy of Science","award":["2025k-26"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025k-26"]}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Academy of Science","award":["2024k-08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024k-08"]}]},{"award":["2025k-26"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025k-26"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02s9v8n82","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2024k-08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024k-08"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02s9v8n82","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Key Research and Development Program","award":["2025NC-YBXM-120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025NC-YBXM-120"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: To conserve wild populations and ensure a sustainable supply of musk, China initiated the captive breeding of forest musk deer. The temporal dynamics of gut antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) profiles in captive forest musk deer along a breeding duration gradient remain poorly characterized. Methods: In this study, we employed metagenomic sequencing to systematically characterize the profiles and potential mobility of ARGs. Samples were divided into short-term, medium-term and long-term groups according to breeding durations. Results: A total of 331 ARG subtypes and 71 mobile genetic element (MGE) subtypes were annotated across all samples. ARG Shannon diversity differed overall across groups (Kruskal-Wallis, p = 0.03); Bonferroni-adjusted Dunn\u2019s test showed no significant pairwise differences. PCoA (Bray\u2013Curtis) demonstrated distinct separation of the ST group (p = 0.002), and shared core ARG subtypes gradually increased with extended breeding years. A strong positive correlation between ARG and MGE abundances was identified (r = 0.85, p = 0.0001). In total, 63 contigs carrying co-localized ARG-MGE complexes were recovered. The ST group contained the highest proportion of such contigs. The ST group displayed tight physical ARG-MGE linkage within 1\u20133 kb genomic intervals. Conclusions: Our results reveal that breeding duration is associated with the gut ARG characteristics of captive forest musk deer. Short-term captivity has higher ARG-MGE co-localization, suggesting a higher possibility of mobilization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology15171538","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T12:20:46Z","timestamp":1788524446000},"page":"1538","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dynamics of Antibiotic Resistance Gene Profiles in Captive Forest Musk Deer (Moschus berezovskii) Along a Breeding Duration Gradient"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Lijuan","family":"Suo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Qinling Ecological Security, Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Bian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Qinling Ecological Security, Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3047-1474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Qinling Ecological Security, Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Feiran","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Qinling Ecological Security, Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Shuo","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Xianyang 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Tianhao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Xianyang 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Xianmiao","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Xi\u2019an 710018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Wuzi","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Xianyang 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6234-9713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kuo","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Qinling Ecological Security, Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7871-1641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Qinling Ecological Security, Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: A systematic analysis","volume":"399","author":"Murray","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5649","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1503141112","article-title":"Global trends in antimicrobial use in food animals","volume":"112","author":"Brower","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70318-9","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance\u2014The need for global solutions","volume":"13","author":"Laxminarayan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trw048","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance is the quintessential One Health issue","volume":"110","author":"Robinson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2015.10.015","article-title":"Concentrations of antibiotics predicted to select for resistant bacteria: Proposed limits for environmental regulation","volume":"86","author":"Larsson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.111534","article-title":"An eco-evolutionary perspective on antimicrobial resistance in the context of One Health","volume":"28","author":"Bustamante","year":"2025","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1051\/wujns\/2026312146","article-title":"Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Aquatic Environments: Sources, Transmission, and Influencing Factors from a One Health Perspective","volume":"31","author":"Xuran","year":"2026","journal-title":"Wuhan Univ. J. Nat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2023.03.017","article-title":"Horizontal gene transfer among host-associated microbes","volume":"31","author":"Lourenco","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00088-17","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00088-17","article-title":"Mobile Genetic Elements Associated with Antimicrobial Resistance","volume":"31","author":"Firth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29096-9","article-title":"Strain-level characterization of broad host range mobile genetic elements transferring antibiotic resistance from the human microbiome","volume":"13","author":"Forster","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00775-22","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00775-22","article-title":"Sharing of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes between Humans and Food Animals","volume":"7","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s42523-025-00432-w","article-title":"Genomic characterization of antimicrobial resistance and mobile genetic elements in swine gut bacteria isolated from a Canadian research farm","volume":"7","author":"Rahman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anim. Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3207(02)00159-3","article-title":"Conservation status and causes of decline of musk deer (Moschus spp.) in China","volume":"109","author":"Yang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, K., Wu, X., Ma, B., Cheng, J., Li, Z., Wang, Y., Yang, Z., Yao, X., and Luo, Y. (2025). Transcriptomic Analysis of the Impact of the tet(X4) Gene on the Growth Characteristics and Antibiotic Resistance Phenotypes of Escherichia coli Isolated from Musk Deer. Animals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15243564"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahman, M.T., Liu, H., Pan, S., Cheng, Y., Luo, L., Zhou, L., Fan, S., Wang, L., Jiang, S., and Zhou, Z. (2023). Distribution and associations for antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic resistance genes of Escherichia coli from musk deer (Moschus berezovskii) in Sichuan, China. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0289028"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suo, L., Bian, K., Tang, J., Li, F., Sun, K., and Yang, C. (2026). Nasopharyngeal Bacterial-Fungal Dysbiosis in Respiratory-Diseased Endangered Forest Musk Deer (Moschus berezovskii). Biology, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology15070587"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s13258-020-01029-0","article-title":"Metagenomics analysis of the gut microbiome in healthy and bacterial pneumonia forest musk deer","volume":"43","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genes Genom."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Hu, X., Yang, S., Zhou, J., Qi, L., Sun, X., Fan, M., Xu, S., Cha, M., and Zhang, M. (2018). Comparison Between the Fecal Bacterial Microbiota of Healthy and Diarrheic Captive Musk Deer. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00300"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"wrag009","DOI":"10.1093\/ismejo\/wrag009","article-title":"Captive breeding of specialty animals represents an overlooked yet critical reservoir for spreading antibiotic resistance genes","volume":"20","author":"Xi","year":"2026","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"3810","article-title":"Analysis of the differences in fecal microbiota between diarrheic and healthy captive forest musk deer","volume":"52","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin. J. Anim. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"898","article-title":"Responses of parasitic community to different disturbance strategies in digestive tract of adult male forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii)","volume":"56","author":"Fu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pajoro, M., Brilli, M., Pezzali, G., Vadal\u00e0, M., Kramer, L., Moroni, P., and Bandi, C. (2024). Do organic, conventional, and intensive approaches in livestock farming have an impact on the circulation of infectious agents and antimicrobial resistance? A systematic review, focused on dairy cattle. Front. Sustain. Food Syst., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2024.1397095"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2006.01123.x","article-title":"Abundance of six tetracycline resistance genes in wastewater lagoons at cattle feedlots with different antibiotic use strategies","volume":"9","author":"Peak","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, S., Chen, J., Zheng, J., Mao, H., Deng, F., Wu, D., and Chai, J. (2025). Feeding systems influence the rumen resistome in yaks by changing the microbiome. Front. Microbiol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1505938"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i884","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty560","article-title":"fastp: An ultra-fast all-in-one FASTQ preprocessor","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-026-03960-z","article-title":"Genome-resolved metagenomics uncovers diversity and functional landscapes of the gastrointestinal epithelium-associated microbiome in cattle","volume":"27","author":"Lin","year":"2026","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002","DOI":"10.48130\/animadv-0024-0002","article-title":"Lignocellulolytic microbiomes orchestrating degradation cascades in the rumen of dairy cattle and their diet-influenced key degradation phases","volume":"1","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anim. Adv."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv033","article-title":"MEGAHIT: An ultra-fast single-node solution for large and complex metagenomics assembly via succinct de Bruijn graph","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hyatt, D., Chen, G.-L., Locascio, P.F., Land, M.L., Larimer, F.W., and Hauser, L.J. (2010). Prodigal: Prokaryotic gene recognition and translation initiation site identification. BMC Bioinform., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-11-119"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3150","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts565","article-title":"CD-HIT: Accelerated for clustering the next-generation sequencing data","volume":"28","author":"Fu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2263","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty053","article-title":"ARGs-OAP v2.0 with an expanded SARG database and Hidden Markov Models for enhancement characterization and quantification of antibiotic resistance genes in environmental metagenomes","volume":"34","author":"Yin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D783","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaa869","article-title":"mMGE: A database for human metagenomic extrachromosomal mobile genetic elements","volume":"49","author":"Lai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.4197","article-title":"Salmon provides fast and bias-aware quantification of transcript expression","volume":"14","author":"Patro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-021-01078-x","article-title":"An integrated gene catalog and over 10,000 metagenome-assembled genomes from the gastrointestinal microbiome of ruminants","volume":"9","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4765","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25096-3","article-title":"An omics-based framework for assessing the health risk of antimicrobial resistance genes","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-021-00457-8","article-title":"Zoology, chemical composition, pharmacology, quality control and future perspective of Musk (Moschus): A review","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, H., Feng, T., Mo, Y., Sun, S., Wang, L., Lu, C., Feng, C., Xing, K., and Su, Z. (2023). Integrated multi-omics analysis reveals insights into Chinese forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii) genome evolution and musk synthesis. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1156138"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Begmatov, S., Beletsky, A.V., Gruzdev, E.V., Mardanov, A.V., Glukhova, L.B., Karnachuk, O.V., and Ravin, N.V. (2022). Distribution Patterns of Antibiotic Resistance Genes and Their Bacterial Hosts in a Manure Lagoon of a Large-Scale Swine Finishing Facility. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10112301"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.153831","article-title":"Oh, deer! How worried should we be about the diversity and abundance of the faecal resistome of red deer?","volume":"825","author":"Dias","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s42523-024-00356-x","article-title":"Resistomes from oxytetracycline-treated pigs are readily transferred to untreated pen mates","volume":"6","author":"Tams","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anim. Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alice, C., Paolo, T., Diana, L., Monica, M., Sonia, B., Ilaria, B., and Paola, M. (2020). Exploring the Animal Waste Resistome: The Spread of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes Through the Use of Livestock Manure. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01416"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2157200","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2022.2157200","article-title":"Differential response to prolonged amoxicillin treatment: Long-term resilience of the microbiome versus long-lasting perturbations in the gut resistome","volume":"15","author":"Dhariwal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138520","article-title":"Impacts of multi-year field exposure of agricultural soil to macrolide antibiotics on the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes and selected mobile genetic elements","volume":"727","author":"Lau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114651","article-title":"The prolonged disruption of a single-course amoxicillin on mice gut microbiota and resistome, and recovery by inulin, Bifidobacterium longum and fecal microbiota transplantation","volume":"265","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.168728","article-title":"Temporal dynamics of microbial composition and antibiotic resistome in fermentation bed culture pig farms across various ages","volume":"912","author":"Pan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2014.03.036","article-title":"Large-scale metagenomic-based study of antibiotic resistance in the environment","volume":"24","author":"Nesme","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, S., Qi, J., Peng, W., Su, X., Chen, P., Xu, S., Li, S., Ma, L., Wang, W., and Jiang, K. (2026). Convergent gut microbiome adaptation and pervasive antibiotic resistome in Qinghai\u2013Tibet Plateau passerines. Front. Microbiol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1733974"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.02.005","article-title":"Robustness in quantifying the abundance of antimicrobial resistance genes in pooled faeces samples from batches of slaughter pigs using metagenomics analysis","volume":"24","author":"Andersen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.156178","article-title":"Global landscape of gut microbiome diversity and antibiotic resistomes across vertebrates","volume":"838","author":"Guangping","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120220","article-title":"Captivity increased the abundance of high-risk antibiotic resistance genes in the giant panda gut microbiome","volume":"263","author":"Cai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29283-8","article-title":"Assessment of global health risk of antibiotic resistance genes","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.117801","article-title":"Mobile genetic elements affect the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) of clinical importance in the environment","volume":"243","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emcon.2024.100455","article-title":"Sources, dissemination, and risk assessment of antibiotic resistance in surface waters: A review","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Emerg. Contam."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Lan, X., Bai, Y., Huang, Y., Jin, W., Zhang, M., Zheng, X., Zhang, Y., Du, X., and Liu, Y. (2025). Co-resistance and plasmid-mediated co-dissemination of florfenicol and azithromycin resistance in non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli from cattle in Xinjiang, China. BMC Microbiol., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-025-04172-4"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"257","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance in the environment","volume":"20","author":"Joakim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/15\/17\/1538\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T09:52:02Z","timestamp":1788774722000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/15\/17\/1538"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["biology15171538"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology15171538","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-7737"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-7737","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]}}}