{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T09:09:08Z","timestamp":1789031348351,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011644","name":"Kahramanmara\u015f S\u00fct\u00e7\u00fc \u0130mam University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2026\/5-26 M"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026\/5-26 M"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011644","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2026\/5-26 M"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026\/5-26 M"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03gn5cg19","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Afforestation assessments in Mediterranean karst regions often focus on vegetation and soil carbon, paying less attention to microbial activity. We examined the surface soil properties of a four-site Cedrus libani chronosequence in southern Turkey. In October 2024, topsoil (0\u201310 cm deep) was sampled at one degraded reference site and three plantation sites aged approximately 9, 14 and 24 years (15 samples were taken from each site). The afforested sites generally exhibited higher levels of soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, aggregate stability and microbial biomass carbon (MBC). Mean MBC ranged from 288 to 536 mg C kg\u22121 at afforested sites versus 180 mg C kg\u22121 at the reference site. Basal respiration was lower (0.30\u20130.36 versus 0.96 \u00b5g CO2-C g\u22121 h\u22121), as was biomass-specific respiration (qCO2: 0.54\u20131.39 versus 5.41 mg CO2-C g\u22121 MBC h\u22121). The microbial quotient did not differ significantly. The pooled MBC\u2013respiration association was weak, whereas the site-adjusted association was positive. Multivariate patterns and the non-monotonic ordering of sites highlighted edaphic heterogeneity. As plantation age was completely confounded with site identity, these single-campaign observations cannot establish causal temporal effects. Nevertheless, integrating structural, chemical and microbial indicators provides complementary information for characterizing soil conditions across these karst sites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology15181594","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T08:07:41Z","timestamp":1789027661000},"page":"1594","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Soil Carbon and Microbial Functioning Reveal Multidimensional Patterns Across a Cedrus libani Afforestation Chronosequence in Mediterranean Karst"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1776-3018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emre","family":"Babur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Engineering, Kahramanmara\u015f S\u00fct\u00e7\u00fc \u0130mam University, 46050 Kahramanmara\u015f, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5253-9494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Burak","family":"Yal\u00e7\u0131nta\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Engineering, Kahramanmara\u015f S\u00fct\u00e7\u00fc \u0130mam University, 46050 Kahramanmara\u015f, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5118-1634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasin Taha","family":"\u00dcnsal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Engineering, Kahramanmara\u015f S\u00fct\u00e7\u00fc \u0130mam University, 46050 Kahramanmara\u015f, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9836-845X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"U\u011fur","family":"Kezik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Engineering, Kahramanmara\u015f S\u00fct\u00e7\u00fc \u0130mam University, 46050 Kahramanmara\u015f, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8236-3280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B\u00fclent","family":"Akg\u00fcn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Engineering, Kahramanmara\u015f S\u00fct\u00e7\u00fc \u0130mam University, 46050 Kahramanmara\u015f, T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering and Sciences, Kahramanmara\u015f S\u00fct\u00e7\u00fc \u0130mam University, 46050 Kahramanmara\u015f, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0249-0798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emre","family":"Yazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering and Sciences, Kahramanmara\u015f S\u00fct\u00e7\u00fc \u0130mam University, 46050 Kahramanmara\u015f, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15744","article-title":"Soil biodiversity and human health","volume":"528","author":"Wall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"FAO, and UNEP (2021). 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