{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T10:29:08Z","timestamp":1789122548916,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":281,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Brody Brothers Endowment at ECU\u2019s Brody School of Medicine"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0229evh14","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microbial outcomes emerge from dynamic interactions among host defenses, microbial traits, and environmental context. This narrative review examines aquatic host\u2013microbe systems, with emphasis on zebrafish and Vibrio species, as experimentally tractable aquatic models for understanding how interactions shift across a spectrum from mutualism to pathogenesis. We first define major aquatic invertebrate and vertebrate models, highlighting how each balances scalability, genetic accessibility, physiological complexity, and translational relevance. We then use Vibrio species as a framework for moving beyond the pathogen versus non-pathogen classification, emphasizing conditional pathogenicity, host-dependent outcomes, and shared molecular toolkits between symbionts and pathogens. Finally, we highlight host responses including barriers and immunity. Aquatic models reveal that disease results from context-dependent regulation of both host and microbial programs. By integrating the diversity of aquatic models, aquatic host\u2013microbe research presents a unique opportunity to define the continuum of outcomes from mutualism to pathogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology15181603","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T09:09:40Z","timestamp":1789117780000},"page":"1603","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Beneath the Surface: Aquatic Models Illuminate Host\u2013Microbe Interactions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9321-5294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathryn B.","family":"Lorbacher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5830-1731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tram","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0458-7059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morgan E.","family":"Milton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4560-4951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen","family":"Mruk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1038\/262467a0","article-title":"Non-genetic individuality: Chance in the single cell","volume":"262","author":"Spudich","year":"1976","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morawska, L.P., Hernandez-Valdes, J.A., and Kuipers, O.P. (2022). Diversity of bet-hedging strategies in microbial communities-Recent cases and insights. WIREs Mech. Dis., 14.","DOI":"10.1002\/wsbm.1544"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.13027","article-title":"A continuously changing selective context on microbial communities associated with fish, from egg to fork","volume":"13","author":"Derome","year":"2020","journal-title":"Evol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Billaud, M., Larbret, F., and Czerucka, D. (2023). Impact of rising seawater temperature on a phagocytic cell population during V. parahaemolyticus infection in the sea anemone E. pallida. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1292410"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1086\/696365","article-title":"Symbiont Identity Influences Patterns of Symbiosis Establishment, Host Growth, and Asexual Reproduction in a Model Cnidarian-Dinoflagellate Symbiosis","volume":"234","author":"Gabay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.margen.2021.100919","article-title":"Transcriptomic analysis of brine shrimp Artemia franciscana across a wide range of salinities","volume":"61","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mar. Genom."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perrone, A., Bonnet, E., Soone, A., Boyer, L., and Seneca, F. (2025). Exaiptasia pallida Infection Model Reveals the Critical Role of Vibrio parahaemolyticus T3SS Virulence Factors in Its Pathogenicity for Sea Anemones. Toxins, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins17040175"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sunagawa, S., Wilson, E.C., Thaler, M., Smith, M.L., Caruso, C., Pringle, J.R., Weis, V.M., Medina, M., and Schwarz, J.A. (2009). Generation and analysis of transcriptomic resources for a model system on the rise: The sea anemone Aiptasia pallida and its dinoflagellate endosymbiont. BMC Genom., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-10-258"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2024.11.001","article-title":"Systemic coordination of whole-body tissue remodeling during local regeneration in sea anemones","volume":"60","author":"Cheung","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dev202926","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.202926","article-title":"The cellular basis of feeding-dependent body size plasticity in sea anemones","volume":"151","author":"Garschall","year":"2024","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E10122","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1711530114","article-title":"Sea anemone model has a single Toll-like receptor that can function in pathogen detection, NF-\u03baB signal transduction, and development","volume":"114","author":"Brennan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Margolis, S.R., Dietzen, P.A., Hayes, B.M., Wilson, S.C., Remick, B.C., Chou, S., and Vance, R.E. (2021). The cyclic dinucleotide 2\u20323\u2032-cGAMP induces a broad antibacterial and antiviral response in the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 118.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2109022118"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krueger, Q., Phippen, B., and Reitzel, A.M. (2026). Unique Transcriptional Responses by the Sea Anemone Nematostella vectensis to Individual Bacteria: Roles for Bacterial Species, Secreted Products and the Microbiome. Mol. Ecol., 35.","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.70339"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eydoux, L., and Farrer, E.C. (2020). Does salinity affect lifestyle switching in the plant pathogen Fusarium solani?. Access Microbiol., 2.","DOI":"10.1099\/acmi.0.000114"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/0044-8486(93)90465-B","article-title":"Bacteriological flora of the brine shrimp (Artemia franciscana) from a hypersaline pond in San Francisco Bay, California","volume":"118","author":"Straub","year":"1993","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-024-04234-7","article-title":"Highlighting antibiotic-free aquaculture by using marine microbes as a sustainable method to suppress Vibrio and enhance the performance of brine shrimp (Artemia franciscana)","volume":"207","author":"Sahandi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allan, G., and Burnell, G. (2013). 5-Rotifers, Artemia and copepods as live feeds for fish larvae in aquaculture. Advances in Aquaculture Hatchery Technology, Woodhead Publishing.","DOI":"10.1533\/9780857097460"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1007\/s00343-019-8322-7","article-title":"The critical stage for inducing oviparity and embryonic diapause in parthenogenetic Artemia (Crustacea: Anostraca): An experimental study","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Oceanol. Limnol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krueger, Q.A., Shore, M.H., and Reitzel, A.M. (2022). Comparative transmission of bacteria from Artemia salina and Brachionus plicatilis to the cnidarian Nematostella vectensis. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 98.","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiac096"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/0044-8486(82)90170-3","article-title":"Microbiology of laboratory-hatched brine shrimp (Artemia)","volume":"26","author":"Austin","year":"1982","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.2323\/jgam.60.169","article-title":"Bacterial virulence analysis using brine shrimp as an infection model in relation to the importance of quorum sensing and proteases","volume":"60","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101811","article-title":"Investigating the toxicity of malachite green and copper sulfate in brine shrimp: In-vivo and computational study","volume":"13","author":"Ahamed","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxicol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256919","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/256919","article-title":"Toxicity effect of silver nanoparticles in brine shrimp Artemia","volume":"2014","author":"Arulvasu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18644","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-03325-9","article-title":"Study of acute lethality, teratogenesis, and metabolomic changes of N-(2\u2032-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propylpentanamide (HO-AAVPA) on Artemia franciscana","volume":"15","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ketikidis, I., Banti, C.N., Kourkoumelis, N., Tsiafoulis, C.G., Papachristodoulou, C., Kalampounias, A.G., and Hadjikakou, S.K. (2020). Conjugation of Penicillin-G with Silver(I) Ions Expands Its Antimicrobial Activity against Gram Negative Bacteria. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9010025"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almaraz, A., Uriarte, F.O., Gonz\u00e1lez-Rivacoba, M., Arana, I., Arranz-Veiga, I., Zaldibar, B., and Orru\u00f1o, M. (2025). Mytilus galloprovincialis as a Natural Reservoir of Vibrio harveyi: Insights from GFP-Tagged Strain Tracking. Pathogens, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14070687"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, K.K., Li, H.Y., and Yang, W.D. (2024). Marine Algal Toxins and Public Health: Insights from Shellfish and Fish, the Main Biological Vectors. Mar. Drugs, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/md22110510"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20150209","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2015.0209","article-title":"Vibrio bacteria in raw oysters: Managing risks to human health","volume":"371","author":"Froelich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12730","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-48928-1","article-title":"Global invasion genetics of two parasitic copepods infecting marine bivalves","volume":"9","author":"Feis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sweat, L.H., Busch, S.J., Craig, C.A., Dark, E., Sailor-Tynes, T., Wayles, J., Sacks, P.E., and Walters, L.J. (2023). Oyster Reefs Are Reservoirs for Potential Pathogens in a Highly Disturbed Subtropical Estuary. Environments, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/environments10120205"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"FAO (2020). Sustainability in Action. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA), FAO."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2019.05.004","article-title":"Molecular insights of a novel cephalopod toll-like receptor homologue in Sepiella japonica, revealing its function under the stress of aquatic pathogenic bacteria","volume":"90","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2022.108509","article-title":"Molecular cloning, expression analysis and immune-related functional identification of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF\u03b1) in Sepiella japonica under bacteria stress","volume":"132","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2024.105221","article-title":"Evidence for immune priming specificity and cross-protection against sympatric and allopatric Vibrio splendidus strains in the oyster Magalana (Crassostrea) gigas","volume":"159","author":"Arfatahery","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delisle, L., Pauletto, M., Vidal-Dupiol, J., Petton, B., Bargelloni, L., Montagnani, C., Pernet, F., Corporeau, C., and Fleury, E. (2020). High temperature induces transcriptomic changes in Crassostrea gigas that hinder progress of ostreid herpesvirus (OsHV-1) and promote survival. J. Exp. Biol., 223.","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.226233"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7264","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-64086-1","article-title":"Latitudinal drivers of oyster mortality: Deciphering host, pathogen and environmental risk factors","volume":"10","author":"Fleury","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36853","DOI":"10.1038\/srep36853","article-title":"Systemic inoculation of Escherichia coli causes emergency myelopoiesis in zebrafish larval caudal hematopoietic tissue","volume":"6","author":"Hou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Yang, B., Shi, C., Wang, H., Yu, R., Li, Q., and Liu, S. (2022). Synergistic Interaction of Low Salinity Stress With Vibrio Infection Causes Mass Mortalities in the Oyster by Inducing Host Microflora Imbalance and Immune Dysregulation. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.859975"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2021.736363","article-title":"Identification of Vibrio alginolyticus as a causative pathogen associated with mass summer mortality of the Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas) in China","volume":"535","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leonessi, M., Auguste, M., Lopez, J.R., Balbi, T., Ciacci, C., Oliveri, C., Vezzulli, L., Furones, D., and Canesi, L. (2025). Interactions between the oyster larvae pathogen Vibrio ostreicida and the bivalve hosts Mytilus galloprovincialis and Magallana gigas. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1711477"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-017-1051-6","article-title":"Comparative 16SrDNA Gene-Based Microbiota Profiles of the Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas) and the Mediterranean Mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from a Shellfish Farm (Ligurian Sea, Italy)","volume":"75","author":"Vezzulli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110862","article-title":"Neuropeptide F interacts with its receptor and regulates the immune response of Sepiella japonica","volume":"167","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s42995-020-00037-z","article-title":"Vibrio harveyi: A serious pathogen of fish and invertebrates in mariculture","volume":"2","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mar. Life Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, L., Cao, H., Qiu, J., and Chi, C. (2022). Inhibitory Effect of FMRFamide on NO Production During Immune Defense in Sepiella japonica. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.825634"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-026-11467-w","article-title":"Molecular cloning, characterization, and expression analysis of two GABA(A) receptor-associated proteins (GABARAP and GABARAPL2) from cephalopod Sepiella japonica","volume":"53","author":"Yu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.2174\/0113892037255378231101065721","article-title":"Molecular Characterization, Expression and In Situ Hybridization Analysis of a Pedal Peptide\/Orcokinin-type Neuropeptide in Cuttlefish Sepiella japonica","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Protein Pept. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npep.2024.102491","article-title":"FMRFamide G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) in the cuttlefish Sepiella japonica: Identification, characterization and expression profile","volume":"109","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuropeptides"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-marine-010213-135029","article-title":"Climate change influences on marine infectious diseases: Implications for management and society","volume":"6","author":"Burge","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1645\/19-73","article-title":"The Coccidia (Apicomplexa) of the Archosauria (Crocodylia: Eusuchia) of the World","volume":"106","author":"Duszynski","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2603698","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2025.2603698","article-title":"Apparent expansion of virulent Vibrio parahaemolyticus in humans and sea otters","volume":"17","author":"Sebastian","year":"2026","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1242\/bio.016543","article-title":"Metabolic cost of osmoregulation in a hypertonic environment in the invasive African clawed frog Xenopus laevis","volume":"5","author":"Sabat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Open"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayes, M., Liu, A., Todorovic, N., Aizenman, C.D., and He, H.Y. (2026). Assessing circuit function in the developing Xenopus tadpole: A survey of the behavioral toolkit and underlying neural substrates. Front. Behav. Neurosci., 20.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2026.1806003"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Timoshina, P.S., and Zaraisky, A.G. (2026). Embryonic scaling: Morphogen gradients, size sensing, and scaler genes. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2026.1858676"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willsey, H.R., Seaby, E.G., Godwin, A., Ennis, S., Guille, M., and Grainger, R.M. (2024). Modelling human genetic disorders in Xenopus tropicalis. Dis. Models Mech., 17.","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.050754"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.21891","article-title":"Comparative and developmental study of the immune system in Xenopus","volume":"238","author":"Robert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dev. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopez, A., Shoen, C., Cynamon, M., Dimitrakopoulou, D., Paiola, M., Pavelka, M.S., and Robert, J. (2021). Developing Tadpole Xenopus laevis as a Comparative Animal Model to Study Mycobacterium abscessus Pathogenicity. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22020806"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2679","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1900459","article-title":"Distinct Host-Mycobacterial Pathogen Interactions between Resistant Adult and Tolerant Tadpole Life Stages of Xenopus laevis","volume":"203","author":"Rhoo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.12.018","article-title":"Long term effects of carbaryl exposure on antiviral immune responses in Xenopus laevis","volume":"170","author":"Lawrence","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hauser, K.A., Singer, J.C., Hossainey, M.R.H., Moore, T.E., Wendel, E.S., Yaparla, A., Kalia, N., and Grayfer, L. (2021). Amphibian (Xenopus laevis) Tadpoles and Adult Frogs Differ in Their Antiviral Responses to Intestinal Frog Virus 3 Infections. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.737403"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2017.06.005","article-title":"Xenopus-FV3 host-pathogen interactions and immune evasion","volume":"511","author":"Jacques","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, Y., Khwatenge, C.N., Li, J., De Jesus Andino, F., Robert, J., and Sang, Y. (2021). Targeted Transcriptomics of Frog Virus 3 in Infected Frog Tissues Reveal Non-Coding Regulatory Elements and microRNAs in the Ranaviral Genome and Their Potential Interaction with Host Immune Response. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.705253"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robert, J., Grayfer, L., Edholm, E.-S., Ward, B., and De Jes\u00fas Andino, F. (2014). Inflammation-Induced Reactivation of the Ranavirus Frog Virus 3 in Asymptomatic Xenopus laevis. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0112904"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2021.0101","article-title":"Hepatitis C Virus Alters Macrophage Cholesterol Metabolism Through Interaction with Scavenger Receptors","volume":"35","author":"Jennelle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viral Immunol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s004410100433","article-title":"Identification of a novel, multifunctional beta-defensin (human beta-defensin 3) with specific antimicrobial activity. Its interaction with plasma membranes of Xenopus oocytes and the induction of macrophage chemoattraction","volume":"306","author":"Jaumann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1989.tb14698.x","article-title":"Identification of highly acidic peptides from processing of the skin prepropeptides of Xenopus laevis","volume":"181","author":"Nutkins","year":"1989","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.13107","article-title":"Identification of novel peptides from amphibian (Xenopus tropicalis) skin by direct tissue MALDI-MS analysis","volume":"282","author":"Shigeri","year":"2015","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8548","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-08361-8","article-title":"In vivo therapeutic efficacy of frog skin-derived peptides against Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced pulmonary infection","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.2108\/zsj.19.727","article-title":"Diverse Adaptability in Oryzias Species to High Environmental Salinity","volume":"19","author":"Inoue","year":"2002","journal-title":"Zool. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27687","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-7208-x","article-title":"Immune competence assessment in marine medaka (Orzyias melastigma)\u2014A holistic approach for immunotoxicology","volume":"24","author":"Ye","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L.C., Li, Y., Wu, M.F., Jia, J.Q., and Jia, P.P. (2026). The library of isolated bacteria from gut microbiota in classical fish models: Zebrafish (Danio rerio), marine (Oryzias melastigma) and freshwater (Oryzias latipes) medaka. PLoS ONE, 21.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0347661"},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"311","article-title":"Diversity of gut microbes in freshwater and brackish water ricefish (Oryzias minutillus and O. javanicus) from Southern Thailand","volume":"55","author":"Arin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agric. Nat. Resour."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sakaguchi, H., Sato, Y., Matsumoto, R., Gomikawa, J., Yoshida, N., Suzuki, T., Matsuda, M., and Iwanami, N. (2023). Maturation of the medaka immune system depends on reciprocal interactions between the microbiota and the intestinal tract. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1259519"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2025.104161","article-title":"Multigenerational effects of temperature exposure on upper thermal limit and mitochondrial functioning in medaka (Oryzias latipes) brain","volume":"130","author":"Morla","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2005.12.009","article-title":"Effects of elevated temperature and nickel pollution on the immune status of Japanese medaka","volume":"21","author":"Prophete","year":"2006","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2025.104155","article-title":"Rapid and reversible plasticity of upper thermal limit, but no effects of multigenerational warming in medaka","volume":"130","author":"Vallin","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, W., Tang, K., and Wang, X. (2024). High temperatures increase the virulence of Vibrio bacteria towards their coral host and competing bacteria via type VI secretion systems. PLoS Biol., 22.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3002788"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morikami, K., Tanizawa, Y., Yagura, M., Sakamoto, M., Kawamoto, S., Nakamura, Y., Yamaguchi, K., Shigenobu, S., Naruse, K., and Ansai, S. (2025). MedakaBase as a unified genomic resource platform for medaka fish biology. DNA Res., 32.","DOI":"10.1093\/dnares\/dsaf030"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2004.03.001","article-title":"Visualisation of zebrafish infection by GFP-labelled Vibrio anguillarum","volume":"37","author":"Rosqvist","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1006\/fsim.1997.0087","article-title":"Influence of artificial wound and non-intact mucus layer on mortality of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) following a bath challenge with Vibrio anguillarum and Aeromonas salmonicida","volume":"7","author":"Svendsen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/0044-8486(87)90028-7","article-title":"Experimental infection of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri R., by dipping in suspensions of Vibrio anguillarum: Ways of bacterial penetration; influence of temperature and salinity","volume":"67","author":"Germon","year":"1987","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.3354\/dao076205","article-title":"Spores of two fish microsporidia (Pseudoloma neurophilia and Glugea anomala) are highly resistant to chlorine","volume":"76","author":"Ferguson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Org."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanders, J.L., Watral, V., Clarkson, K., and Kent, M.L. (2013). Verification of Intraovum Transmission of a Microsporidium of Vertebrates: Pseudoloma neurophilia Infecting the Zebrafish, Danio rerio. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076064"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1089\/zeb.2013.0933","article-title":"Unusual fluorescent granulomas and myonecrosis in Danio rerio infected by the microsporidian pathogen Pseudoloma neurophilia","volume":"11","author":"West","year":"2014","journal-title":"Zebrafish"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.13198","article-title":"Effects of Pseudoloma neurophilia infection on the brain transcriptome in zebrafish (Danio rerio)","volume":"43","author":"Midttun","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Fish Dis."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-009-1679-3","article-title":"Encephalitozoonosis in rabbits","volume":"106","author":"Joachim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2022.03.011","article-title":"Zebrafish: An underutilized tool for discovery in host\u2013microbe interactions","volume":"43","author":"Stream","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-305X(03)00103-4","article-title":"Development and maturation of the immune system in zebrafish, Danio rerio: A gene expression profiling, in situ hybridization and immunological study","volume":"28","author":"Lam","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0177(199904)214:4<323::AID-AJA5>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"Early hematopoiesis and developing lymphoid organs in the zebrafish","volume":"214","author":"Willett","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dev. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valenzuela, M.-J., Caruffo, M., Herrera, Y., Medina, D.A., Coronado, M., Feij\u00f3o, C.G., Mu\u00f1oz, S., Garrido, D., Troncoso, M., and Figueroa, G. (2018). Evaluating the Capacity of Human Gut Microorganisms to Colonize the Zebrafish Larvae (Danio rerio). Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01032"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-020-00807-8","article-title":"Mining zebrafish microbiota reveals key community-level resistance against fish pathogen infection","volume":"15","author":"Stressmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murdoch, C.C., and Rawls, J.F. (2019). Commensal Microbiota Regulate Vertebrate Innate Immunity-Insights From the Zebrafish. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02100"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-023-10127-w","article-title":"Evaluation of Probiotic Efficacy of Bacillus subtilis RODK28110C3 Against Pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila and Edwardsiella tarda Using In Vitro Studies and In Vivo Gnotobiotic Zebrafish Gut Model System","volume":"16","author":"Nayak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1590","article-title":"The zebrafish: A new model of T-cell and thymic development","volume":"5","author":"Langenau","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-0106-3_15","article-title":"Zebrafish: Model for the study of inflammation and the innate immune response to infectious diseases","volume":"946","author":"Novoa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12111","article-title":"The zebrafish reference genome sequence and its relationship to the human genome","volume":"496","author":"Howe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.128851.1","article-title":"Application of transgenic zebrafish for investigating inflammatory responses to nanomaterials: Recommendations for new users","volume":"12","author":"Johnston","year":"2023","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hurst, S., Dimmler, C., and Cronan, M.R. (2026). ImPaqT, a Golden Gate-based immunological toolkit for zebrafish transgenesis. eLife, 14.","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.104182.3"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phan, Q.T., Sipka, T., Gonzalez, C., Levraud, J.-P., Lutfalla, G., and Nguyen-Chi, M. (2018). Neutrophils use superoxide to control bacterial infection at a distance. PLoS Pathog., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007157"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mesureur, J., Feliciano, J.R., Wagner, N., Gomes, M.C., Zhang, L., Blanco-Gonzalez, M., van der Vaart, M., O\u2019Callaghan, D., Meijer, A.H., and Vergunst, A.C. (2017). Macrophages, but not neutrophils, are critical for proliferation of Burkholderia cenocepacia and ensuing host-damaging inflammation. PLoS Pathog., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006795"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10760","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-65797-7","article-title":"Primary tuberculous mycobacterial granulomas provide a niche for superinfecting Mycobacterium abscessus","volume":"16","author":"Wee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shiau, C.E., Kaufman, Z., Meireles, A.M., and Talbot, W.S. (2015). Differential requirement for irf8 in formation of embryonic and adult macrophages in zebrafish. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0117513"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernut, A., Nguyen-Chi, M., Halloum, I., Herrmann, J.-L., Lutfalla, G., and Kremer, L. (2016). Mycobacterium abscessus-Induced Granuloma Formation Is Strictly Dependent on TNF Signaling and Neutrophil Trafficking. PLoS Pathog., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005986"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.08.003","article-title":"Phenolic Glycolipid Facilitates Mycobacterial Escape from Microbicidal Tissue-Resident Macrophages","volume":"47","author":"Cambier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.09.014","article-title":"Macrophage Epithelial Reprogramming Underlies Mycobacterial Granuloma Formation and Promotes Infection","volume":"45","author":"Cronan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farr, D., Nag, D., Chazin, W.J., Harrison, S., Thummel, R., Luo, X., Raychaudhuri, S., and Withey, J.H. (2022). Neutrophil-Associated Responses to Vibrio cholerae Infection in a Natural Host Model. Infect. Immun., 90.","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00466-21"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2025.116661","article-title":"Mycobacteria trehalose dimycolate interactions with host Mincle remodel blood-brain barrier junctions for brain invasion","volume":"44","author":"Hayes","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2019.06.058","article-title":"Notch1a can widely mediate innate immune responses in zebrafish larvae infected with Vibrio parahaemolyticus","volume":"92","author":"Ji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.07.007","article-title":"Mycobacterial Acid Tolerance Enables Phagolysosomal Survival and Establishment of Tuberculous Infection In Vivo","volume":"20","author":"Levitte","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luukinen, H., Hammar\u00e9n, M.M., Vanha-Aho, L.M., Svorjova, A., Kantanen, L., J\u00e4rvinen, S., Luukinen, B.V., Dufour, E., R\u00e4met, M., and Hyt\u00f6nen, V.P. (2018). Priming of innate antimycobacterial immunity by heat-killed Listeria monocytogenes induces sterilizing response in the adult zebrafish tuberculosis model. Dis. Models Mech., 11.","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.031658"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1801139","article-title":"Hif-1\u03b1\u2013Induced Expression of Il-1\u03b2 Protects against Mycobacterial Infection in Zebrafish","volume":"202","author":"Ogryzko","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Leeuwen, L.M., Boot, M., Kuijl, C., Picavet, D.I., van Stempvoort, G., van der Pol, S.M.A., de Vries, H.E., van der Wel, N.N., van der Kuip, M., and van Furth, A.M. (2018). Mycobacteria employ two different mechanisms to cross the blood-brain barrier. Cell. Microbiol., 20.","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12858"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3703","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.8.3703-3713.1999","article-title":"Host-pathogen interactions: Redefining the basic concepts of virulence and pathogenicity","volume":"67","author":"Casadevall","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiesmann, C.L., Wang, N.R., Zhang, Y., Liu, Z., and Haney, C.H. (2023). Origins of symbiosis: Shared mechanisms underlying microbial pathogenesis, commensalism and mutualism of plants and animals. FEMS Microbiol. Rev., 47.","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuac048"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s13199-024-00984-6","article-title":"The impacts of host association and perturbation on symbiont fitness","volume":"92","author":"Hoang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Symbiosis"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sampaio, A., Silva, V., Poeta, P., and Aonofriesei, F. (2022). Vibrio spp.: Life strategies, ecology, and risks in a changing environment. Diversity, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/d14020097"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8279","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.5403","article-title":"Differential gene expression analysis of symbiotic and aposymbiotic Exaiptasia anemones under immune challenge with Vibrio coralliilyticus","volume":"9","author":"Roesel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Royer, K., and Barkovskii, A.L. (2025). Water parameters predicting the seasonal and spatial dynamics of the Vibrio harveyi- and Splendidus-clade pathogens. Microorganisms, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13092167"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.11.093427","article-title":"The global burden of cholera","volume":"90","author":"Ali","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bongrand, C., Lami, R., Suzuki, M.T., and Koch, E.J. (2026). Two Vibrio species co-colonize a morphologically complex symbiotic light organ. ISME J., 20.","DOI":"10.1093\/ismejo\/wrag063"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2823","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.65081-0","article-title":"Reclassification of Vibrio fischeri, Vibrio logei, Vibrio salmonicida and Vibrio wodanis as Aliivibrio fischeri gen. nov., comb. nov., Aliivibrio logei comb. nov., Aliivibrio salmonicida comb. nov. and Aliivibrio wodanis comb. nov","volume":"57","author":"Urbanczyk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Septer, A.N., and Visick, K.L. (2024). Lighting the way: How the Vibrio fischeri model microbe reveals the complexity of Earth\u2019s \u201csimplest\u201d life forms. J. Bacteriol., 206.","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00035-24"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00557-0","article-title":"A lasting symbiosis: How Vibrio fischeri finds a squid partner and persists within its natural host","volume":"19","author":"Visick","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17498","DOI":"10.1038\/srep17498","article-title":"Reciprocal immune benefit based on complementary production of antibiotics by the leech Hirudo verbana and its gut symbiont Aeromonas veronii","volume":"5","author":"Tasiemski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bomar, L., Stephens, W.Z., Nelson, M.C., Velle, K., Guillemin, K., and Graf, J. (2013). Draft Genome Sequence of Aeromonas veronii Hm21, a Symbiotic Isolate from the Medicinal Leech Digestive Tract. Genome Announc., 1.","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.00800-13"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Semwal, A., Kumar, A., and Kumar, N. (2023). A review on pathogenicity of Aeromonas hydrophila and their mitigation through medicinal herbs in aquaculture. Heliyon, 9.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e14088"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qin, X., Li, Z., Guo, J., Bai, F., and Ling, X. (2025). Beyond Fish Pathogens: A Comprehensive Overview of Aeromonas salmonicida. Microbiol. Res., 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/microbiolres16070157"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2016.03.030","article-title":"Evolution of the Koch postulates: Towards a 21st-century understanding of microbial infection","volume":"22","author":"Antonelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuy003","article-title":"Pathogens, microbiome and the host: Emergence of the ecological Koch\u2019s postulates","volume":"42","author":"Vonaesch","year":"2018","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy083","article-title":"The damage-response framework as a tool for the physician-scientist to understand the pathogenesis of infectious diseases","volume":"218","author":"Pirofski","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.1126\/science.272.5270.1910","article-title":"Lysogenic conversion by a filamentous phage encoding cholera toxin","volume":"272","author":"Waldor","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhandari, M., Rathnayake, I.U., Huygens, F., and Jennison, A.V. (2023). Clinical and environmental Vibrio cholerae non-O1, non-O139 strains from Australia have similar virulence and antimicrobial resistance gene profiles. Microbiol. Spectr., 11.","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02631-22"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-023-00852-y","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus host interactions and adaptation","volume":"21","author":"Howden","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"856314","article-title":"Focal point theory models for dissecting dynamic duality problems of microbial infections","volume":"2008","author":"Huang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Candelli, M., Sacco Fernandez, M., Triunfo, C., Piccioni, A., Ojetti, V., Franceschi, F., and Pignataro, G. (2025). Vibrio vulnificus\u2014A review with a special focus on sepsis. Microorganisms, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13010128"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, P., Wu, X., Ji, L., Yan, W., Chen, L., Lu, Z., Xu, D., Zha, Y., Xu, D., and Dong, F. (2024). Prevalence and virulence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from clinical and environmental samples in Huzhou, China. BMC Genom., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-024-11106-3"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iribarren, C., Plaza, N., Ram\u00edrez-Araya, S., P\u00e9rez-Reytor, D., Urrutia, \u00cd.M., Suffredini, E., Vicenza, T., Ulloa, S., Fern\u00e1ndez, J., and Navarrete, P. (2024). Presence of Zonula Occludens Toxin-Coding Genes among Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolates of Clinical and Environmental Origin. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12030504"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2009.02025.x","article-title":"Biofilms: The environmental playground of Legionella pneumophila","volume":"12","author":"Declerck","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharaby, Y., Rodriguez-Martinez, S., Pecellin, M., Sela, R., Peretz, A., Hofle, M.G., Halpern, M., and Brettar, I. (2018). Virulence Traits of Environmental and Clinical Legionella pneumophila Multilocus Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Analysis (MLVA) Genotypes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 84.","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00429-18"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0663-7","article-title":"Combinatorial selection in amoebal hosts drives the evolution of the human pathogen Legionella pneumophila","volume":"5","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaddy, K.E., Septer, A.N., Mruk, K., and Milton, M.E. (2025). A mutualistic model bacterium is lethal to non-symbiotic hosts via the type VI secretion system. mBio, 16.","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00157-25"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E8528","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1808302115","article-title":"Bacterial symbionts use a type VI secretion system to eliminate competitors in their natural host","volume":"115","author":"Speare","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Li, S., Zhang, S., Zhang, T., Wu, Y., Liu, A., Wang, K., Ji, X., Cao, H., and Zhang, Y. (2024). Hosts manipulate lifestyle switch and pathogenicity heterogeneity of opportunistic pathogens in the single-cell resolution. eLife, 13.","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.96789"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kessie, D.K., Lodes, N., Oberwinkler, H., Goldman, W.E., Walles, T., Steinke, M., and Gross, R. (2021). Activity of tracheal cytotoxin of Bordetella pertussis in a human tracheobronchial 3D tissue model. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.614994"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bennett, B.D., Essock-Burns, T., and Ruby, E.G. (2020). HbtR, a heterofunctional homolog of the virulence regulator TcpP, facilitates the transition between symbiotic and planktonic lifestyles in Vibrio fischeri. mBio, 11.","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01624-20"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Price, C.T.D., Hanford, H.E., Al-Quadan, T., Santic, M., Shin, C.J., Da\u2019as, M.S.J., and Abu Kwaik, Y. (2024). Amoebae as training grounds for microbial pathogens. mBio, 15.","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00827-24"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Espinoza-Vergara, G., Hoque, M.M., McDougald, D., and Noorian, P. (2020). The impact of protozoan predation on the pathogenicity of Vibrio cholerae. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00017"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, M., Yang, S., Zheng, C., Luo, X., Bei, W., and Cai, P. (2018). Binding to type I collagen is essential for the infectivity of Vibrio parahaemolyticus to host cells. Cell. Microbiol., 20.","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12856"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8187","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-020-10794-7","article-title":"Motility of Vibrio spp.: Regulation and controlling strategies","volume":"104","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duong-Nu, T.M., Jeong, K., Hong, S.H., Puth, S., Kim, S.Y., Tan, W., Lee, K.H., Lee, S.E., and Rhee, J.H. (2019). A stealth adhesion factor contributes to Vibrio vulnificus pathogenicity: Flp pili play roles in host invasion, survival in the blood stream and resistance to complement activation. PLoS Pathog., 15.","DOI":"10.1101\/613810"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41394","DOI":"10.1038\/srep41394","article-title":"Comparative genomics of Vibrio campbellii strains and core species of the Vibrio harveyi clade","volume":"7","author":"Ke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chimalapati, S., Santos, M.d.S., E Lafrance, A., Ray, A., Lee, W.-R., Rivera-Cancel, G., Vale, G., Pawlowski, K., A Mitsche, M., and McDonald, J.G. (2020). Vibrio deploys type 2 secreted lipase to esterify cholesterol with host fatty acids and mediate cell egress. eLife, 9.","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.58057"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Onillon, L., Dufau, A., Delafont, V., Amraoui, H., Robino, E., Perret, A., Romatif, O., Pouzadoux, J., Soldati, T., and Travers, M.A. (2025). Paramoeba atlantica as a natural intracellular niche for vibrios in marine ecosystems. Environ. Microbiol., 27.","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.70122"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaishankar, J., Yang, H., O\u2019Keefe, I.P., Tenaglia, B.M., Kinch, L.N., Ernst, R.K., and Orth, K. (2025). A critical role for Vibrio parahaemolyticus LPS to mediate evasion of host immune response during infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 122.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2426547122"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zamyatina, A., and Heine, H. (2020). Lipopolysaccharide Recognition in the Crossroads of TLR4 and Caspase-4\/11 Mediated Inflammatory Pathways. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.585146"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.14365","article-title":"Acidic pH promotes lipopolysaccharide modification and alters colonization in a bacteria-animal mutualism","volume":"112","author":"Schwartzman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pettis, G.S., and Mukerji, A.S. (2020). Structure, function, and regulation of the essential virulence factor capsular polysaccharide of Vibrio vulnificus. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21093259"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1134\/S0003683823602822","article-title":"Virulence Factors of the Zoonotic Pathogen Vibrio alginolyticus: A Review and Bibliometric Analysis","volume":"60","author":"Sheikh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.110695","article-title":"Autographiviridae phage HH109 uses capsular polysaccharide for infection of Vibrio alginolyticus","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.49.3.715-718.1985","article-title":"Vibrio vulnificus resists phagocytosis in the absence of serum opsonins","volume":"49","author":"Tamplin","year":"1985","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kawabata, T. (2022). Iron-Induced Oxidative Stress in Human Diseases. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11142152"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.22207\/JPAM.16.1.77","article-title":"Molecular mechanism of iron transport systems in Vibrio","volume":"16","author":"Pramanik","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pure Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., and Ma, Q. (2017). Iron Acquisition Strategies of Vibrio anguillarum. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00342"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamazaki, K., Yamaguchi, T., Yokoyama, Y., Tonosaki, Y., Kursanbaeva, K., Motooka, D., Akeda, Y., and Kashimoto, T. (2026). Nutrient acquisition drives Edwardsiella tarda pathogenesis in necrotizing soft tissue infection. mSystems, 11.","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.01657-25"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3279","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-026-04455-3","article-title":"Cholera toxin as a model AB5 toxin: Functional significance of B-subunit pentamerization in GM1 recognition, pathogenicity, and delivery efficiency","volume":"100","author":"Park","year":"2026","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chapman, C.M.L., Kapinos, A., and Rivera-Chavez, F. (2023). Modulation of Host-Microbe Metabolism by Cholera Toxin. Infect. Immun., 91.","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00435-22"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E3779","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1720133115","article-title":"The Vibrio cholerae type VI secretion system can modulate host intestinal mechanics to displace gut bacterial symbionts","volume":"115","author":"Logan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, Y., Feng, Z., and Wang, J. (2020). Vibrio vulnificus hemolysin: Biological activity, regulation of vvhA expression, and role in pathogenesis. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.599439"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, Z.W., Hwang, S.-H., Choi, G., Jang, K.K., Lee, T.H., Chung, K.M., Kim, B.S., and Choi, S.H. (2020). A MARTX toxin rtxA gene is controlled by host environmental signals through a CRP-coordinated regulatory network in Vibrio vulnificus. mBio, 11.","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00723-20"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4101","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00061-08","article-title":"The extracellular metalloprotease of Vibrio tubiashii is a major virulence factor for Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) larvae","volume":"74","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2020.1845039","article-title":"Pathogenicity and virulence regulation of Vibrio cholerae at the interface of host-gut microbiome interactions","volume":"11","author":"Hsiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.20","article-title":"Assembly, structure, function and regulation of type III secretion systems","volume":"15","author":"Deng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, H., Santos, M.d.S., Lee, J., Law, H.T., Chimalapati, S., Verdu, E.F., Orth, K., and Vallance, B.A. (2019). A novel mouse model of enteric Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection reveals that the type III secretion system 2 effector VopC plays a key role in tissue invasion and gastroenteritis. mBio, 10.","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02608-19"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2016.12.003","article-title":"Rules of Engagement: The Type VI Secretion System in Vibrio cholerae","volume":"25","author":"Joshi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mass, S., Cohen, H., Podicheti, R., Rusch, D.B., Gerlic, M., Ushijima, B., van Kessel, J.C., Bosis, E., and Salomon, D. (2024). The coral pathogen Vibrio coralliilyticus uses a T6SS to secrete a group of novel anti-eukaryotic effectors that contribute to virulence. PLoS Biol., 22.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3002734"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Speare, L., Woo, M., Bultman, K.M., Mandel, M.J., Wollenberg, M.S., and Septer, A.N. (2021). Host-like conditions are required for T6SS-mediated competition among Vibrio fischeri light organ symbionts. mSphere, 6.","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.01288-20"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-marine-011123-102337","article-title":"Coral Disease: Direct and Indirect Agents, Mechanisms of Disease, and Innovations for Increasing Resistance and Resilience","volume":"17","author":"Silva","year":"2025","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.66.3.1139-1146.2000","article-title":"Selected bacterial strains protect Artemia spp. from the pathogenic effects of Vibrio proteolyticus CW8T2","volume":"66","author":"Verschuere","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen, H., Fridman, C.M., Gerlic, M., and Salomon, D. (2023). A Vibrio T6SS-mediated lethality in an aquatic animal model. Microbiol. Spectr., 11.","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01093-23"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davis, K.M. (2020). For the Greater (Bacterial) Good: Heterogeneous Expression of Energetically Costly Virulence Factors. Infect. Immun., 88.","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00911-19"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramamurthy, T., Nandy, R.K., Mukhopadhyay, A.K., Dutta, S., Mutreja, A., Okamoto, K., Miyoshi, S.I., Nair, G.B., and Ghosh, A. (2020). Virulence Regulation and Innate Host Response in the Pathogenicity of Vibrio cholerae. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.572096"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-018-0057-2","article-title":"Evolutionary conservation of the antimicrobial function of mucus: A first defence against infection","volume":"4","author":"Bakshani","year":"2018","journal-title":"npj Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jembe.2011.07.028","article-title":"Biology and ecology of coral mucus release","volume":"408","author":"Bythell","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msw066","article-title":"Searching the Evolutionary Origin of Epithelial Mucus Protein Components\u2014Mucins and FCGBP","volume":"33","author":"Lang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.63.3.1034-1039.1997","article-title":"Growth of Vibrio anguillarum in Salmon Intestinal Mucus","volume":"63","author":"Garcia","year":"1997","journal-title":"Appl. Env. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2001.tb00884.x","article-title":"Chemotaxis of Vibrio anguillarum to fish mucus: Role of the origin of the fish mucus, the fish species and the serogroup of the pathogen","volume":"38","author":"Larsen","year":"2001","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reddi, G., Pruss, K., Cottingham, K.L., Taylor, R.K., and Almagro-Moreno, S. (2018). Catabolism of mucus components influences motility of Vibrio cholerae in the presence of environmental reservoirs. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201383"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.26944","article-title":"Efficient responses to host and bacterial signals during Vibrio cholerae colonization","volume":"5","author":"Rothenbacher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-8166(81)90047-1","article-title":"A clarification of the two types of invertebrate pleated septate junction","volume":"13","author":"Green","year":"1981","journal-title":"Tissue Cell"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12728","article-title":"Specific binding of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin fragment to Claudin-b and modulation of zebrafish epidermal barrier","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-025-02557-6","article-title":"Porphromonas gingivalis infection induces gingipain-dependent changes in the brain vasculature of zebrafish larvae","volume":"23","author":"Mieszkowska","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.106234","article-title":"Porphyromonas gingivalis induces neuroinflammation in a gingipain-dependent manner in zebrafish larvae","volume":"132","author":"Widziolek","year":"2026","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.3.1275-1283.2005","article-title":"Vibrio parahaemolyticus disruption of epithelial cell tight junctions occurs independently of toxin production","volume":"73","author":"Lynch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01138-07","article-title":"Influence of gastric acid on susceptibility to infection with ingested bacterial pathogens","volume":"76","author":"Tennant","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2025.100534","article-title":"Effect of Citric Acid on Viability, Membrane Damage, Efflux Pump Activity, and Growth Recovery of Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio cholerae Strains","volume":"88","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_195","unstructured":"Richard, A.F. (1996). Cholera, Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139, and Other Pathogenic Vibrios, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2004.09.006","article-title":"Acid adaptation of Vibrio vulnificus and subsequent impact on stress tolerance","volume":"22","author":"Bang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0640-1","article-title":"Commensal Bacteroidetes protect against Klebsiella pneumoniae colonization and transmission through IL-36 signalling","volume":"5","author":"Sequeira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, J., Yu, Y., Li, S., Zhang, X., Zhang, C., Li, R., Hu, J., Si, S., Zhang, C., and Xiang, J. (2024). Shrimp shapes a resistance trait against vibriosis by memorizing the colonization resistance of intestinal microbiota. PLoS Pathog., 20.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012321"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandes, S., S\u00e9rvio, R., Silva, A.R., Tavares, R., and Rodrigues, P. (2023). Shewanella algae, an Emerging Human Pathogen: A Series of Four Cases From a Portuguese Hospital. Cureus, 15.","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.33686"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gryka-Marton, M., Grabowska, A.D., and Szukiewicz, D. (2025). Breaking the Barrier: The Role of Proinflammatory Cytokines in BBB Dysfunction. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26083532"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2016.07.015","article-title":"Insight into the messenger role of reactive oxygen intermediates in immunostimulated hemocytes from the scallop Argopecten purpuratus","volume":"65","author":"Oyanedel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malych, R., Folgosa, F., Pil\u00e1tov\u00e1, J., Mike\u0161, L., Dohn\u00e1lek, V., Mach, J., Mat\u011bjkov\u00e1, M., Kopeck\u00fd, V., Dole\u017eal, P., and Sutak, R. (2025). Eating the brain\u2014A multidisciplinary study provides new insights into the mechanisms underlying the cytopathogenicity of Naegleria fowleri. PLoS Pathog., 21.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012995"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.120082","article-title":"Hemocytes of bivalve mollusks as cellular models in toxicological studies of metals and metal-based nanomaterials","volume":"312","author":"Weng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xin, F., and Zhang, X. (2023). Hallmarks of crustacean immune hemocytes at single-cell resolution. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1121528"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0506346","article-title":"Resolution of inflammation by retrograde chemotaxis of neutrophils in transgenic zebrafish","volume":"80","author":"Mathias","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8815","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1812810116","article-title":"How a well-adapting immune system remembers","volume":"116","author":"Mayer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2019.02.014","article-title":"Clearance by Microglia Depends on Packaging of Phagosomes into a Unique Cellular Compartment","volume":"49","author":"Villani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19674","DOI":"10.1038\/srep19674","article-title":"IFN\u03b1 enhances the production of IL-6 by human neutrophils activated via TLR8","volume":"6","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3726","article-title":"Interactions between innate and adaptive lymphocytes","volume":"14","author":"Gasteiger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2016.07.011","article-title":"A novel real time imaging platform to quantify macrophage phagocytosis","volume":"116","author":"Kapellos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.09.067","article-title":"Injections of Predatory Bacteria Work Alongside Host Immune Cells to Treat Shigella Infection in Zebrafish Larvae","volume":"26","author":"Willis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4349","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1203266","article-title":"Cxcl8 (IL-8) mediates neutrophil recruitment and behavior in the zebrafish inflammatory response","volume":"190","author":"Candel","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_213","first-page":"6530531","article-title":"Cxcl8b and Cxcr2 regulate neutrophil migration through bloodstream in zebrafish","volume":"2017","author":"Bravo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2390","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules19022390","article-title":"Endotoxin molecule lipopolysaccharide-induced zebrafish inflammation model: A novel screening method for anti-inflammatory drugs","volume":"19","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-022-00891-z","article-title":"Loss of Ripk3 attenuated neutrophil accumulation in a lipopolysaccharide-induced zebrafish inflammatory model","volume":"8","author":"Wen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isles, H.M., Loynes, C.A., Alasmari, S., Kon, F.C., Henry, K.M., Kadochnikova, A., Hales, J., Muir, C.F., Keightley, M.-C., and Kadirkamanathan, V. (2021). Pioneer neutrophils release chromatin within in vivo swarms. eLife, 10.","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.68755"},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2001335","article-title":"Pyroptosis Mediates Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation during Bacterial Infection in Zebrafish","volume":"206","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-025-08291-8","article-title":"Programmed cell death pathways coordinate neutrophil and macrophage clearance in zebrafish and are differentially exploited by Salmonella Typhimurium","volume":"17","author":"Pedoto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sollberger, G., Choidas, A., Burn, G.L., Habenberger, P., Di Lucrezia, R., Kordes, S., Menninger, S., Eickhoff, J., Nussbaumer, P., and Klebl, B. (2018). Gasdermin D plays a vital role in the generation of neutrophil extracellular traps. Sci. Immunol., 3.","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aar6689"},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.3MA0315-105R","article-title":"Defining the phenotype of neutrophils following reverse migration in zebrafish","volume":"98","author":"Ellett","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robertson, A.L., Holmes, G.R., Bojarczuk, A.N., Burgon, J., Loynes, C.A., Chimen, M., Sawtell, A.K., Hamza, B., Willson, J., and Walmsley, S.R. (2014). A zebrafish compound screen reveals modulation of neutrophil reverse migration as an anti-inflammatory mechanism. Sci. Transl. Med., 6.","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3007672"},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2019.1569297","article-title":"Macrophages target Salmonella by Lc3-associated phagocytosis in a systemic infection model","volume":"15","author":"Masud","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen-Chi, M., Laplace-Builhe, B., Travnickova, J., Luz-Crawford, P., Tejedor, G., Phan, Q.T., Duroux-Richard, I., Levraud, J.-P., Kissa, K., and Lutfalla, G. (2015). Identification of polarized macrophage subsets in zebrafish. eLife, 4.","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.07288"},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, C., Menoret, A., Farragher, C., Ouyang, Z., Bonin, C., Holvoet, P., Vella, A.T., and Zhou, B. (2019). Single cell transcriptomics based-MacSpectrum reveals novel macrophage activation signatures in diseases. JCI Insight, 5.","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.126453"},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewis, A., and Elks, P.M. (2019). Hypoxia Induces Macrophage tnfa Expression via Cyclooxygenase and Prostaglandin E2 in vivo. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02321"},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pazhakh, V., Ellett, F., Croker, B.A., O\u2019Donnell, J.A., Pase, L., Schulze, K.E., Greulich, R.S., Gupta, A., Reyes-Aldasoro, C.C., and Andrianopoulos, A. (2019). \u03b2-glucan-dependent shuttling of conidia from neutrophils to macrophages occurs during fungal infection establishment. PLoS Biol., 17.","DOI":"10.1101\/512228"},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosowski, E.E. (2020). Illuminating Macrophage Contributions to Host-Pathogen Interactions In Vivo: The Power of Zebrafish. Infect. Immun., 88.","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00906-19"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(02)00475-2","article-title":"Real-Time Visualization of Mycobacterium-Macrophage Interactions Leading to Initiation of Granuloma Formation in Zebrafish Embryos","volume":"17","author":"Davis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, S., Nguyen, L.T.M., Pan, H., Hassan, S., Dai, Y., Xu, J., and Wen, Z. (2020). Two phenotypically and functionally distinct microglial populations in adult zebrafish. Sci. Adv., 6.","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abd1160"},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.06.033","article-title":"Developmental Apoptosis Mediates Entry and Positioning of Microglia in the Zebrafish Brain","volume":"16","author":"Casano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23717","article-title":"Gene expression profiling reveals a conserved microglia signature in larval zebrafish","volume":"68","author":"Mazzolini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, S., Chen, J., Jiang, Y., Wu, Y., Zhu, L., Jin, W., Zhao, C., Yu, T., Wang, T., and Wu, S. (2018). Adult zebrafish Langerhans cells arise from hematopoietic stem\/progenitor cells. eLife, 7.","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.36131"},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chuang, L.S., Morrison, J., Hsu, N.Y., Labrias, P.R., Nayar, S., Chen, E., Villaverde, N., Facey, J.A., Boschetti, G., and Giri, M. (2019). Zebrafish modeling of intestinal injury, bacterial exposures and medications defines epithelial in vivo responses relevant to human inflammatory bowel disease. Dis. Models Mech., 12.","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.037432"},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-025-07808-5","article-title":"The trapping of live neutrophils by macrophages during infection","volume":"16","author":"Cooper","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, C., Tang, Y., Wang, Y., Zhang, J., Li, Y., Xu, S., Xia, B., Zhai, Q., Li, Y., and Zhang, L. (2022). WhiB4 Is Required for the Reactivation of Persistent Infection of Mycobacterium marinum in Zebrafish. Microbiol. Spectr., 10.","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00443-21"},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kam, J.Y., Cheng, T., Garland, D.C., Britton, W.J., Tobin, D.M., and Oehlers, S.H. (2022). Inhibition of infection-induced vascular permeability modulates host leukocyte recruitment to Mycobacterium marinum granulomas in zebrafish. Pathog. Dis., 80.","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftac009"},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Stuardo, D., Morales-Reyes, J., Tapia, S., Ahumada, D.E., Espinoza, A., Soto-Herrera, V., Brianson, B., Ibaceta, V., Sandino, A.M., and Spencer, E. (2019). Non-lysosomal Activation in Macrophages of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) After Infection With Piscirickettsia salmonis. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00434"},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3047","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00506-16","article-title":"A Zebrafish Model of Cryptococcal Infection Reveals Roles for Macrophages, Endothelial Cells, and Neutrophils in the Establishment and Control of Sustained Fungemia","volume":"84","author":"Davis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scherer, A.K., Blair, B.A., Park, J., Seman, B.G., Kelley, J.B., and Wheeler, R.T. (2020). Redundant Trojan horse and endothelial-circulatory mechanisms for host-mediated spread of Candida albicans yeast. PLoS Pathog., 16.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.02.21.959387"},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.02.046","article-title":"A non-canonical type 2 immune response coordinates tuberculous granuloma formation and epithelialization","volume":"184","author":"Cronan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leiba, J., Sipka, T., Begon-Pescia, C., Bernardello, M., Tairi, S., Bossi, L., Gonzalez, A.A., Mialhe, X., Gualda, E.J., and Loza-Alvarez, P. (2024). Dynamics of macrophage polarization support Salmonella persistence in a whole living organism. eLife, 13.","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.89828"},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-021-00463-6","article-title":"Necrostatin-1 Relieves Learning and Memory Deficits in a Zebrafish Model of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Induced by Aluminum","volume":"40","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hao, K., Xu, H., Jiang, S., and Sun, L. (2024). Paralichthys olivaceus MLKL-mediated necroptosis is activated by RIPK1\/3 and involved in anti-microbial immunity. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1348866"},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-052016-100247","article-title":"Necroptosis: Mechanisms and Relevance to Disease","volume":"12","author":"Galluzzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.3354\/dao03043","article-title":"Francisella noatunensis subsp. noatunensis invades, survives and replicates in Atlantic cod cells","volume":"121","author":"Bakkemo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Org."},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2011.08.020","article-title":"Intracellular localisation and innate immune responses following Francisella noatunensis infection of Atlantic cod macrophages","volume":"31","author":"Bakkemo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.2002.01420.x","article-title":"Host responses to Renibacterium salmoninarum and specific components of the pathogen reveal the mechanisms of immune suppression and activation","volume":"106","author":"Grayson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ortiz-Severin, J., Travisany, D., Maass, A., Cambiazo, V., and Ch\u00e1vez, F.P. (2020). Global Proteomic Profiling of Piscirickettsia salmonis and Salmon Macrophage-Like Cells during Intracellular Infection. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202009.0106.v1"},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zuniga, A., Aravena, P., Pulgar, R., Travisany, D., Ortiz-Sever\u00edn, J., Ch\u00e1vez, F.P., Maass, A., Gonz\u00e1lez, M., and Cambiazo, V. (2020). Transcriptomic Changes of Piscirickettsia salmonis During Intracellular Growth in a Salmon Macrophage-Like Cell Line. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00426"},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benard, E.L., van der Sar, A.M., Ellett, F., Lieschke, G.J., Spaink, H.P., and Meijer, A.H. (2012). Infection of zebrafish embryos with intracellular bacterial pathogens. J. Vis. Exp., 61.","DOI":"10.3791\/3781-v"},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, J., Chen, G., Wen, D., Wang, Y., Zhao, Z., and Wu, C. (2020). Asap1 Affects the Susceptibility of Zebrafish to Mycobacterium by Regulating Macrophage Migration. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.519503"},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-79678-0","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa OprF plays a role in resistance to macrophage clearance during acute infection","volume":"11","author":"Moussouni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107374","article-title":"Uncovering the pathogenic mechanisms of Cronobacter turicensis: A dual transcriptomics study using a zebrafish larvae model","volume":"202","author":"Cosentino","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patenaude, K., Bossow, C.N., Lane, A., St-Pierre, M., Wheeler, R.T., and Neely, M.N. (2026). Interactions between Streptococcus agalactiae and Candida albicans affect persistence and virulence. Infect. Immun., 94.","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00528-25"},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Castellanos, V.E., Perdomo-G\u00f3mez, C.D., Santos-Barbosa, J.C., Forero-Shelton, M., Akle, V., and Gonz\u00e1lez, J.M. (2025). In Vivo Imaging of Cardiac Attachment of TcI and TcII Variants of Trypanosoma cruzi in a Zebrafish Model. Pathogens, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14010025"},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bergeron, A.C., Seman, B.G., Hammond, J.H., Archambault, L.S., Hogan, D.A., and Wheeler, R.T. (2017). Candida albicans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Interact To Enhance Virulence of Mucosal Infection in Transparent Zebrafish. Infect. Immun., 85.","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00475-17"},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gratacap, R.L., Bergeron, A.C., and Wheeler, R.T. (2014). Modeling mucosal candidiasis in larval zebrafish by swimbladder injection. J. Vis. Exp.","DOI":"10.3791\/52182-v"},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sullivan, C., Jurcyzszak, D., Goody, M.F., Gabor, K.A., Longfellow, J.R., Millard, P.J., and Kim, C.H. (2017). Using Zebrafish Models of Human Influenza A Virus Infections to Screen Antiviral Drugs and Characterize Host Immune Cell Responses. J. Vis. Exp.","DOI":"10.3791\/55235"},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-4100-2_12","article-title":"Zebrafish Larvae Microinjection and Automated Fluorescence Microscopy for Studying Klebsiella pneumoniae Infection and the Host Immune Response","volume":"2852","author":"Varas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00642-12","article-title":"Innate immune response to Streptococcus iniae infection in zebrafish larvae","volume":"81","author":"Harvie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harvie, E.A., and Huttenlocher, A. (2015). Non-invasive Imaging of the Innate Immune Response in a Zebrafish Larval Model of Streptococcus iniae Infection. J. Vis. Exp.","DOI":"10.3791\/52788-v"},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thrikawala, S., and Rosowski, E.E. (2020). Infection of Zebrafish Larvae with Aspergillus Spores for Analysis of Host-Pathogen Interactions. J. Vis. Exp.","DOI":"10.3791\/61165"},{"key":"ref_263","first-page":"1375","article-title":"A zebrafish larval model reveals early tissue-specific innate immune responses to Mucor circinelloides","volume":"8","author":"Voelz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dis. Models Mech."},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.014498","article-title":"Transient infection of the zebrafish notochord with E. coli induces chronic inflammation","volume":"7","author":"Phan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dis. Models Mech."},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ter Horst, S., Siekierska, A., De Meulemeester, A.S., Cuvry, A., Cools, L., Neyts, J., de Witte, P., and Rocha-Pereira, J. (2025). The Dissemination of Rift Valley Fever Virus to the Eye and Sensory Neurons of Zebrafish Larvae Is Stat1-Dependent. Viruses, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/v17010087"},{"key":"ref_266","first-page":"1111","article-title":"Modeling tuberculous meningitis in zebrafish using Mycobacterium marinum","volume":"7","author":"Youssef","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dis. Models Mech."},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Soest, J.J., Stockhammer, O.W., Ordas, A., Bloemberg, G.V., Spaink, H.P., and Meijer, A.H. (2011). Comparison of static immersion and intravenous injection systems for exposure of zebrafish embryos to the natural pathogen Edwardsiella tarda. BMC Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2172-12-58"},{"key":"ref_268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgg.2012.07.006","article-title":"Establishment of multi-site infection model in zebrafish larvae for studying Staphylococcus aureus infectious disease","volume":"39","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Genet. Genom."},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37636-x","article-title":"Phage therapy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in a cystic fibrosis zebrafish model","volume":"9","author":"Cafora","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akle, V., Agudelo-Due\u00f1as, N., Molina-Rodriguez, M.A., Kartchner, L.B., Ruth, A.M., Gonz\u00e1lez, J.M., and Forero-Shelton, M. (2017). Establishment of Larval Zebrafish as an Animal Model to Investigate Trypanosoma cruzi Motility In Vivo. J. Vis. Exp.","DOI":"10.3791\/56238"},{"key":"ref_271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pont, S., and Blanc-Potard, A.B. (2021). Zebrafish Embryo Infection Model to Investigate Pseudomonas aeruginosa Interaction With Innate Immunity and Validate New Therapeutics. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.745851"},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pont, S., Nilly, F., Berry, L., Bonhoure, A., Alford, M.A., Louis, M., Nogaret, P., Bains, M., Lesouhaitier, O., and Hancock, R.E.W. (2025). Intracellular Pseudomonas aeruginosa persist and evade antibiotic treatment in a wound infection model. PLoS Pathog., 21.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012922"},{"key":"ref_273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.12796","article-title":"Differential transcriptome analysis of zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae challenged by Vibrio parahaemolyticus","volume":"41","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Fish Dis."},{"key":"ref_274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2017.06.052","article-title":"Zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model to visualize infection dynamics of Vibrio anguillarum following intraperitoneal injection and bath exposure","volume":"67","author":"Schmidt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2013.068","article-title":"Evaluation of the pathogenesis and treatment of Mycobacterium marinum infection in zebrafish","volume":"8","author":"Takaki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schoen, T.J., Huttenlocher, A., and Keller, N.P. (2021). Guide to the Larval Zebrafish-Aspergillus Infection Model. Curr. Protoc., 1.","DOI":"10.1002\/cpz1.317"},{"key":"ref_277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2011.07618.x","article-title":"A Mycobacterium marinum TesA mutant defective for major cell wall-associated lipids is highly attenuated in Dictyostelium discoideum and zebrafish embryos","volume":"80","author":"Alibaud","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiles, T.J., Bower, J.M., Redd, M.J., and Mulvey, M.A. (2009). Use of zebrafish to probe the divergent virulence potentials and toxin requirements of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli. PLoS Pathog., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000697"},{"key":"ref_279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1080\/01902148.2025.2472328","article-title":"Zebrafish as a model for investigating Klebsiella pneumoniae-driven lung injury and therapeutic targets","volume":"51","author":"Ye","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp. Lung Res."},{"key":"ref_280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirep.2024.200160","article-title":"Insights into the connection between pathogen water eDNA and disease progression in zebrafish infected with Vibrio anguillarum","volume":"7","author":"Henard","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flores, E., Thompson, L., Sirisaengtaksin, N., Nguyen, A.T., Ballard, A., and Krachler, A.M. (2019). Using the Protozoan Paramecium caudatum as a Vehicle for Food-borne Infections in Zebrafish Larvae. J. Vis. Exp.","DOI":"10.3791\/58949"}],"container-title":["Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/15\/18\/1603\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T09:28:35Z","timestamp":1789118915000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/15\/18\/1603"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"references-count":281,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["biology15181603"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology15181603","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-7737"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-7737","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]}}}