{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T12:20:37Z","timestamp":1789129237488,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004763","name":"Inner Mongolia Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2026MS0795"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026MS0795"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004763","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32460158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32460158"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["32460158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32460158"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["2025KYPT0100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025KYPT0100"]}]},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["2021GG0087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021GG0087"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Doxorubicin (Dox)-induced cardiotoxicity (DIC) is a major clinical challenge in cancer therapy. Camel milk exosomes (CMEs) have been applied in anti-tumor treatments as they have a variety of effects, including on inflammation, oxidative stress, metastasis, and apoptosis. However, their role in DIC treatment remains incompletely understood. This research was designed to evaluate the protection provided by CMEs against DIC. The DIC mice were treated with Dox intraperitoneally and divided into a model group and groups treated with different doses of CMEs. Dox-induced H9c2 cell injury was also established and divided into a model group and groups treated with different concentrations of CMEs. The evaluation parameters in vitro included H9c2 cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondria, and apoptotic cells. The apoptosis and autophagy markers, as well as the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-\u03baB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, were assessed via Western blotting both in vivo and in vitro. In addition, transcriptome sequencing of cardiac tissue was also applied to investigate the related mechanisms. Our results indicate that CMEs significantly attenuated the cell viability reduction, apoptosis, and ROS production in H9c2 cells caused by Dox. CMEs also regulated autophagy, inhibited apoptosis, and inhibited the NF-\u03baB and MAPK pathways. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that CMEs exert a cardiac protective effect against DIC by inhibiting apoptosis and regulating autophagy via NF-\u03baB and MAPK signaling pathways.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology15181604","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T10:51:37Z","timestamp":1789123897000},"page":"1604","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Camel Milk Exosomes Alleviate Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity by Regulating Apoptosis and Autophagy via the NF-\u03baB and MAPK Pathways"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Zhihua","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Fanhua","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010011, China"},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Biomanufacturing Technology, Hohhot 010011, China"},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Endemic Livestock Biotechnology Innovation Team, Hohhot 010011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Shenyuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010011, China"},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Biomanufacturing Technology, Hohhot 010011, China"},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Endemic Livestock Biotechnology Innovation Team, Hohhot 010011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010011, China"},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Biomanufacturing Technology, Hohhot 010011, China"},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Endemic Livestock Biotechnology Innovation Team, Hohhot 010011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Junwei","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010011, China"},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Biomanufacturing Technology, Hohhot 010011, China"},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Endemic Livestock Biotechnology Innovation Team, Hohhot 010011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-016-1759-y","article-title":"Pathways of cardiac toxicity: Comparison between chemotherapeutic drugs doxorubicin and mitoxantrone","volume":"90","author":"Damiani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. 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