{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T11:00:09Z","timestamp":1789988409118,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inflammatory cytokines are well-established drivers of organ-specific pathology, yet their seasonal patterning remains poorly integrated into a single explanatory framework. This review examines whether classical descriptions of Bi syndrome in the Yellow Emperor\u2019s Inner Canon (YEIC), translated using previously proposed molecular correspondences (Cold\/IL-1, Dampness\/IL-6, Wind\/NF-\u03baB, Evil\/LPS) and treated here as a working hypothesis, are consistent with the contemporary biomedical literature. For each YEIC season-tissue pairing, relevant evidence was retrieved from PubMed covering seasonal disease epidemiology, cytokine mechanisms, and clinical progression; correspondence with the YEIC\u2019s descriptions was assessed qualitatively across five seasonal domains rather than through a literature review with predefined inclusion criteria. IL-1, IL-6, and NF-\u03baB predominance was mapped thematically onto seasonal cycles of tissue involvement\u2014bone (winter), tendons (spring), vasculature (summer), muscle (late summer), and skin (autumn)\u2014with proposed progression to related visceral injuries. This correspondence is imperfect in at least one domain: cardiovascular disease shows a larger winter, rather than summer, peak in the broader literature, and the framework has not been tested against competing explanations such as temperature, vitamin D status, infection cycles, or behavior. These findings suggest, without establishing, that IL-1, IL-6, and NF-\u03baB may offer a shared explanatory thread across conditions conventionally treated as etiologically distinct. The YEIC, reinterpreted through a molecular lens, offers a hypothesis-generating model requiring prospective, comparative validation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology15181668","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T09:01:38Z","timestamp":1789981298000},"page":"1668","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Seasonality of Cytokines in Inflammatory Disease: Exploring Molecular Parallels with the Yellow Emperor\u2019s Inner Canon"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2883-8329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"},{"name":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5440-6194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ye","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9343-5895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bingmei M.","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaspers, K. 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