{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T10:10:30Z","timestamp":1790071830436,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The early larval stage is a major bottleneck in freshwater aquaculture because conventional live feeds are not always available for optimum nutrient availability and digestibility to satisfy the nutritional requirements of developing larvae. This study evaluated the effects of micro- and nano-particulate fermented and fish protein hydrolysate-based diets on growth, digestive enzyme activity, intestinal morphology, and immune-related gene expression in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) larvae. Four experimental diets, namely fish hydrolysate-based micro-feed (FHMF), fermented micro-feed (FMF), fish hydrolysate-based nano-feed (FHNF), and fermented nano-feed (FNF), were compared with a basal diet. Feed characterization confirmed the successful production of micro- (5\u201315 \u00b5m) and nano-sized (90\u2013105 nm) particles with distinct physicochemical properties. Three-day-old hatchlings were reared for 45 days, and growth performance, survival, digestive enzyme activities, intestinal histomorphology, and gene expression were analyzed. Diet type significantly influenced all measured parameters (p &lt; 0.001). Among the treatments, FNF consistently produced the highest growth, survival, digestive enzyme activities, villus development, and muscular layer thickness. Growth-related genes (GH, IGF-1, and ghrelin) and immune-related genes (lysozyme, TNF, IL-1\u03b2, IL-10, and TGF-\u03b2) also followed an upregulated trend. These findings demonstrate that nanoparticulate fermented feed is a promising nutritional strategy for enhancing larval growth, digestion, immune competence, and production efficiency in common carp aquaculture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology15191680","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T09:04:17Z","timestamp":1790067857000},"page":"1680","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of Nano- and Microparticulate Fermented Fish Protein Hydrolysate Diets on Growth, Digestive Function, Intestinal Development, and Gene Expression in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Larvae"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8207-194X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zohaib","family":"Noor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China"},{"name":"School of Life and Health Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China"},{"name":"Department of Zoology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Faisal","family":"Ahmad Lodhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Waqar","family":"Younas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Fahim","family":"Ullah Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Zaigham","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Rizwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Saif","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Islamia College Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Fida Ullah","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1502-617X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fathul","family":"Bari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, University of Chitral, Chitral 17200, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0059-4967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Fakhrul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Department of Fisheries, Jamalpur Science and Technology University, Jamalpur 2012, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.26832\/24566632.2020.050205","article-title":"Determination of suitable species combination for good aquaculture practice based carp fattening in ponds under drought prone barind area of Bangladesh","volume":"5","author":"Hossain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. 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