{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:58:29Z","timestamp":1792789109226,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FEDER, EU","award":["PID2025-171365OB-C21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2025-171365OB-C21"]}]},{"name":"University of Le\u00f3n Research Programme","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02tzt0b78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02tzt0b78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This systematic review of the literature aimed to explore the molecular biomarkers used for the detection of stress in the aquaculture sector over the last decade. Relevant studies were retrieved from the Web of Science, Scopus and PubMed databases, which were last searched on 13 June 2025. After screening according to predefined eligibility criteria and PRISMA 2020, 64 peer-reviewed original research articles published between 2015 and 2025 were included. The included studies were qualitatively synthesised. These studies evaluated molecular biomarkers of stress across 31 fish species, with Salmo salar being the most frequently studied, followed by Oncorhynchus mykiss. China, Spain and Canada contributed the largest numbers of included studies. In total, 20 different stressors were identified. Temperature was the most frequently investigated stressor, followed by stocking density, hypoxia and exposure to various chemicals. Publication activity has grown over the last decade, with a clear increase since 2020. This systematic review was conducted to integrate current knowledge and emerging evidence on molecular markers in teleost fish, aiming to provide a comprehensive understanding of both established biomarkers and novel molecular candidates identified through recent studies. Although considerable heterogeneity was observed among fish species, stress protocols and biomarker assessment methods, the evidence supports the growing value of integrated biomarker approaches for stress assessment in aquaculture. Overall, the evidence supports integrated, context-specific biomarker approaches that combine molecular endpoints with established physiological indicators to improve stress assessment in aquaculture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology15191681","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T09:04:17Z","timestamp":1790067857000},"page":"1681","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Molecular Stress Biomarkers in Aquaculture: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Alba","family":"Sell\u00e9s-Egea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell Biology Area, Molecular Biology Department, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, Campus de Vegazana s\/n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9921-5949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David G.","family":"Valcarce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell Biology Area, Molecular Biology Department, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, Campus de Vegazana s\/n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7917-7700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanesa","family":"Robles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell Biology Area, Molecular Biology Department, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, Campus de Vegazana s\/n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/jwas.12946","article-title":"Perspectives on Aquaculture\u2019s Contribution to the Sustainable Development Goals for Improved Human and Planetary Health","volume":"54","author":"Troell","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. World Aquac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2020.735979","article-title":"A Multi-Biomarker approach to evaluate the effect of sodium chloride in alleviating the long-term transportation stress of Labeo rohita fingerlings","volume":"531","author":"Biswal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2024.741717","article-title":"Stocking density affects growth, feed utilisation, metabolism, welfare and associated mRNA transcripts in liver and muscle of rainbow trout more pronouncedly than dietary fish meal inclusion level","volume":"596","author":"Nahida","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eissa, N., Wang, H.-P., Yao, H., Shen, Z.-G., Shaheen, A.A., and Abou-ElGheit, E.N. (2017). Expression of Hsp70, Igf1, and three oxidative stress biomarkers in response to handling and salt treatment at different water temperatures in yellow perch, Perca flavescens. Front. Physiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00683"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.136940","article-title":"Physiological responses to cold and starvation stresses in the liver of yellow drum (Nibea albiflora) revealed by LC-MS Metabolomics","volume":"715","author":"Jiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2017.12.046","article-title":"HSP60 and HSP90\u03b2 from Blunt Snout Bream, Megalobrama amblycephala: Molecular cloning, characterization, and comparative response to intermittent thermal stress and Aeromonas hydrophila infection","volume":"74","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2020.736277","article-title":"Effects of heat stress on histopathology, antioxidant enzymes, and transcriptomic profiles in gills of pikeperch Sander lucioperca","volume":"534","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7121","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-015-4898-4","article-title":"Effect of excessive doses of oxytetracycline on stress-related biomarker expression in coho salmon","volume":"25","author":"Nakano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aqrep.2024.102273","article-title":"Characterization and gene expression profiles of Cilus gilberti Leptin in response to culture parameters","volume":"37","author":"Alvarado","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aquac. Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-802728-8.00001-1","article-title":"The concept of stress in fish","volume":"Volume 35","author":"Schreck","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fish Physiology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dettleff, P., Zuloaga, R., Fuentes, M., Gonzalez, P., Aedo, J., Estrada, J.M., Molina, A., and Vald\u00e9s, J.A. (2022). High-Temperature stress effect on the Red Cusk-Eel (Geypterus chilensis) Liver: Transcriptional modulation and oxidative stress damage. Biology, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11070990"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2020.736238","article-title":"Effect of amino acid supplementation and stress on expression of molecular markers in Meagre (Argyrosomus regius)","volume":"534","author":"Herrera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roy, J., Terrier, F., Marchand, M., Herman, A., Heraud, C., Surget, A., Lanuque, A., Sandres, F., and Marandel, L. (2021). Effects of low stocking densities on zootechnical parameters and physiological responses of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) juveniles. Biology, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10101040"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-024-01355-0","article-title":"Early stress exposure on zebrafish development: Effects on survival, malformations and molecular alterations","volume":"50","author":"Valcarce","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fish Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuzzen, M.L.M., Bernier, N.J., and Van der Kraak, G. (2011). Stress and reproduction. Hormones and Reproduction of Vertebrates, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-374932-1.00006-8"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4223","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-020-03532-9","article-title":"Activation of Stress response axis as a key process in environment-induced sex plasticity in fish","volume":"77","author":"Hattori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conde-Sieira, M., Chivite, M., M\u00edguez, J.M., and Soengas, J.L. (2018). Stress effects on the mechanisms regulating appetite in teleost fish. Front. Endocrinol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00631"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12405","article-title":"Current Approaches in Decoding the Molecular Mechanisms of Long-term Stress in Adult Farmed Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)","volume":"12","author":"Hoem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Aquac."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12298","article-title":"Transcriptomics in Aquaculture: Current Status and Applications","volume":"11","author":"Chandhini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Aquac."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-802728-8.00011-4","article-title":"Stress indicators in fish","volume":"Volume 35","author":"Sopinka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fish Physiology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1007\/s10126-023-10237-0","article-title":"Circulating MicroRNAs indicative of sex and stress in the European Seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax): Toward the identification of new biomarkers","volume":"25","author":"Houdelet","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mar. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00c1lvarez, C.A., Santana, P.A., C\u00e1rcamo, C.B., C\u00e1rdenas, C., Morales-Lange, B., Ram\u00edrez, F., Valenzuela, C., Bolta\u00f1a, S., Alca\u00edno, J., and Guzm\u00e1n, F. (2022). Effect of fish stock density on hormone genes expression from brain and gastrointestinal tract of Salmo salar. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12091174"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Refaey, M.M., and Li, D. (2018). Transport stress changes blood biochemistry, antioxidant defense system, and hepatic HSPs mRNA expressions of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Front. Physiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01628"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jeb246504","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.246504","article-title":"Long-Term stress induced cortisol downregulation, growth reduction and cardiac remodeling in Atlantic Salmon","volume":"226","author":"Opinion","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bortoletti, M., Maccatrozzo, L., Radaelli, G., Caberlotto, S., and Bertotto, D. (2021). Muscle cortisol levels, expression of glucocorticoid receptor and oxidative stress markers in the teleost fish Argyrosomus regius exposed to transport stress. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11041160"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aerts, J., Metz, J.R., Ampe, B., Decostere, A., Flik, G., and De Saeger, S. (2015). Scales tell a story on the stress history of fish. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123411"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.12.059","article-title":"Identification, Classification and functional characterization of HSP70s in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) through Multi-Omics approaches","volume":"121","author":"Roh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.106937","article-title":"Genetic pathways underpinning hormonal stress responses in fish exposed to short- and long-term warm ocean temperatures","volume":"120","author":"Goikoetxea","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evu151","article-title":"MicroRNA in Teleost Fish","volume":"6","author":"Bizuayehu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2021.737310","article-title":"MicroRNAs mediated environmental stress responses and toxicity signs in teleost fish species","volume":"546","author":"Raza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, Q., Zhang, H., Li, T., He, L., Zong, J., Shan, H., Huang, L., Zhang, Y., Liu, H., and Jiang, J. (2023). Profiling miRNAs of teleost fish in responses to environmental stress: A review. Biology, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12030388"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien, J., Hayder, H., Zayed, Y., and Peng, C. (2018). Overview of MicroRNA Biogenesis, mechanisms of action, and circulation. Front. Endocrinol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00402"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ikert, H., Lynch, M.D.J., Doxey, A.C., Giesy, J.P., Servos, M.R., Katzenback, B.A., and Craig, P.M. (2021). High Throughput sequencing of MicroRNA in rainbow trout plasma, mucus, and surrounding water following acute stress. Front. Physiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.588313"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monteiro, M., Sousa, C., Coutinho, F., Castro, C., Fontinha, F., Guerreiro, I., Pous\u00e3o, P., Matos, E., D\u00edaz-Rosales, P., and Oliva-Teles, A. (2021). Functional feeds to Tackle Meagre (Argyrosomus regius) stress: Physiological responses under acute stressful handling conditions. Mar. Drugs, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/md19110598"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-020-00811-x","article-title":"Development of molecular and histological methods to evaluate stress oxidative biomarkers in Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)","volume":"46","author":"Fiocchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fish Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-023-01239-9","article-title":"Impact of different levels of handling on Solea senegalensis culture: Effects on growth and molecular markers of stress","volume":"50","author":"Valcarce","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fish Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2024.740616","article-title":"Daily rhythms of acute stress responses and antioxidant systems in the European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): Effects of the time of the year","volume":"584","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2020.735316","article-title":"Growth Performance, Physiological responses to hypoxia and flesh quality of chilean croaker (Cilus gilberti) stocked at different densities","volume":"525","author":"Toledo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valdivieso, A., Caballero-Huertas, M., Moraleda-Prados, J., Piferrer, F., and Ribas, L. (2023). Exploring the effects of rearing densities on epigenetic modifications in the zebrafish gonads. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202309.1870.v1"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsirep.2023.100112","article-title":"Stocking density affects immune and stress-related gene expression of butter catfish (Ompok bimaculatus) fry in biofloc landscapes","volume":"5","author":"Majhi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2017.10.012","article-title":"Unraveling vasotocinergic, isotocinergic and stress pathways after food deprivation and high stocking density in the gilthead sea bream","volume":"215","author":"Skrzynska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Mol. Integr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e147","DOI":"10.1002\/aff2.147","article-title":"Rapid detection of heat stress biomarkers in atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) liver using targeted proteomics","volume":"4","author":"Rusu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aquac. Fish Fish."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.175626","article-title":"Developing molecular classifiers to detect environmental stressors, smolt stages and morbidity in coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch","volume":"951","author":"Akbarzadeh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.176643","article-title":"Environmental salinity differentiates responses to acute hypothermal stress in milkfish","volume":"954","author":"Ranasinghe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.03.018","article-title":"Acclimation to cold and warm temperatures is associated with differential expression of male carp blood proteins involved in acute phase and stress responses, and lipid metabolism","volume":"76","author":"Dietrich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2017.09.012","article-title":"Hypothermal stress-induced differential expression profiles of the immune response gene, warm-temperature-acclimation associated 65-kDa Protein (Wap65), in the liver of fresh water and seawater milkfish, Chanos chanos","volume":"70","author":"Chang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2019.102500","article-title":"Dietary Sodium butyrate ameliorated the blood stress biomarkers, heat shock proteins, and immune response of nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to heat stress","volume":"88","author":"Dawood","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2019.102497","article-title":"Effects of cold stress on juvenile Piaractus mesopotamicus and the mitigation by \u03b2-carotene","volume":"88","author":"Bacchetta","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7911","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-024-01547-8","article-title":"Dual Effects of Dietary Lactobacillus helveticus and chlorogenic acid on growth performance, digestibility, immune-antioxidant capacity and resistance against heat stress of juvenile common carp","volume":"32","author":"Bakhtiari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aquacult. Int."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beemelmanns, A., Zanuzzo, F.S., Xue, X., Sandrelli, R.M., Rise, M.L., and Gamperl, A.K. (2021). The transcriptomic responses of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to high temperature stress alone, and in combination with moderate hypoxia. BMC Genom., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-021-07464-x"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jkab102","DOI":"10.1093\/g3journal\/jkab102","article-title":"The Atlantic Salmon\u2019s Stress- and immune-related transcriptional responses to moderate hypoxia, an incremental temperature increase, and these challenges combined","volume":"11","author":"Beemelmanns","year":"2021","journal-title":"G3 Genes Genomes Genet."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2023.739313","article-title":"Lowering temperature to 1 \u00b0C results in physiological changes, stress and mortality in cultured atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)","volume":"568","author":"Vadboncoeur","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2025.111817","article-title":"The potential for heat shock exposure during early development to alter the molecular responses to subsequent exposure to heat stress in the rainbow trout","volume":"302","author":"McFarling","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Mol. Integr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141458","article-title":"What metabolic, osmotic and molecular stress responses tell us about extreme ambient heatwave impacts in fish at low salinities: The Case of european seabass, Dicentrarchus labrax","volume":"749","author":"Islam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, M., Du, J., Li, S., Zhu, T., Lei, C., Yan, H., and Song, H. (2024). Screening and identification of the biomarkers applied for the evaluation of acute and chronic thermal tolerance ability in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14101435"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1007\/s10126-023-10259-8","article-title":"Muscle Transcriptome sequencing revealed thermal stress\u2013responsive regulatory genes in farmed rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822)","volume":"25","author":"Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mar. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.15666\/aeer\/1503_13431354","article-title":"Thermal stress of ambient temperature modulate expression of stress and immune-related genes and DNA fragmentation in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758))","volume":"15","author":"Hassan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Ecol. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2024.740942","article-title":"Toward new biomarkers of cold tolerance: microRNAs regulating cold adaptation in fish are differentially expressed in cold-tolerant and cold-sensitive Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)","volume":"589","author":"Martins","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1007\/s12562-021-01557-y","article-title":"Molecular cloning of myosin chaperone uncoordinate-45B (UNC-45B) and its heat stress response in the muscle of pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis","volume":"87","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fish. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2022.738459","article-title":"Genome-Wide Association Analysis of heat tolerance in the Northern Pike (Esox lucius)","volume":"559","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2021.737060","article-title":"Dietary DHA and ARA level and ratio affect the occurrence of skeletal anomalies in Pikeperch Larvae (Sander lucioperca) through a regulation of immunity and stress related gene expression","volume":"544","author":"Lund","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2024.109624","article-title":"Silybin Prevented avermectin-induced cardiotoxicity in carp by modulating oxidative stress, inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial apoptosis, and autophagy","volume":"150","author":"Gan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2020.105721","article-title":"Differential regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced autophagy and apoptosis in two strains of Gibel Carp (Carassius gibelio) exposed to acute waterborne cadmium","volume":"231","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.132919","article-title":"Toxicological effects of cadmium on the immune response and biomineralization of larval flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) under seawater acidification","volume":"291","author":"Cui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lazado, C.C., Stiller, K.T., Shahzad, K., Reiten, B.K.M., Marchenko, Y., Gerwins, J., Radonjic, F.S., Eckel, B., Berge, A., and Espmark, \u00c5.M. (2022). Health and welfare of atlantic salmon in FishGLOBE V5\u2014A Novel Closed Containment System at Sea. Front. Anim. Sci., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fanim.2022.871433"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2023.740271","article-title":"Potential role of dietary zinc on gene regulation of growth performance and immunity in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus against multiple stresses","volume":"580","author":"Kumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-023-06574-4","article-title":"Evaluation of Physiological Stress of Grass Carp Chronically Exposed to Enrofloxacin Based on IBR Index","volume":"234","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.057","article-title":"Repeated Hormonal induction of spermiation affects the stress but not the immune response in pikeperch (Sander lucioperca)","volume":"101","author":"Baekelandt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2018.10.023","article-title":"Divergent gene expression in the gills of juvenile turbot (Psetta maxima) exposed to chronic severe hypercapnia indicates dose-dependent increase in intracellular oxidative stress and hypoxia","volume":"206","author":"Hermann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.158584","article-title":"Tissue origin of circulating microRNAs and their response to nutritional and environmental stress in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)","volume":"853","author":"Cardona","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.112412","article-title":"Long-term salinity disrupts the hepatic function, intestinal health, and gills antioxidative status in Nile tilapia stressed with hypoxia","volume":"220","author":"Dawood","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2021.736419","article-title":"Effects of hypoxia stress on the intestinal microflora of juvenile of cobia (Rachycentron canadum)","volume":"536","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2015.03.028","article-title":"Identification of Differentially Expressed Proteins of Brain Tissue in Response to Methamidophos in Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)","volume":"44","author":"Peng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2023.740467","article-title":"Stress and gut responses of post-smolt atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to elevated levels of hydrogen sulphide","volume":"581","author":"Nicolaysen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amankwah, J.F., Jin, W., Ma, X., Xu, P., Wen, H., Amuneke, K.E., Munganga, B.P., Li, K., Liu, J., and Li, H. (2025). Salinity tolerance in freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens): Investigating Biochemical, antioxidant, digestive enzyme, and gene expression responses to acute salinity stress. Animals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15071015"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.116882","article-title":"Sulforaphane modulates some stress parameters in TPT-exposed Cyprinus carpio in relation to liver metabolome","volume":"284","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."}],"container-title":["Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/15\/19\/1681\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T09:44:57Z","timestamp":1790070297000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/15\/19\/1681"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["biology15191681"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology15191681","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-7737"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-7737","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]}}}