{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:56:33Z","timestamp":1792788993431,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Henan Provincial Science and Technology Research Project","award":["252102320258"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["252102320258"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Foundation for High-level Talents of Zhoukou Normal University","award":["72063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72063"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00jjkh886","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["72063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72063"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00jjkh886","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acrylamide (AA) is a common foodborne toxicant formed during the thermal processing of starch-rich foods and poses significant risks to the gut\u2013liver axis. Although corncob-derived xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) have emerged as promising prebiotics with multiple bioactivities, their protective effects against foodborne toxicants have not been explored. This study investigated the ameliorative effects of dietary corncob-derived XOS on AA-induced gut\u2013liver toxicity and the underlying mechanisms in mice. Female C57BL\/6J mice were gavaged with AA and concurrently fed diets with or without 7.0% XOS for 7 weeks. The results showed that XOS effectively alleviated AA-induced gut\u2013liver toxicity, as evidenced by attenuated intestinal and hepatic inflammation (decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 in colon, TNF-\u03b1, and IL1-\u03b2 in liver; increased anti-inflammatory IL-10 in colon and liver), restored intestinal barrier integrity (upregulated Zo-1, Occludin, and Claudin-1 mRNA, along with increased goblet cell numbers and mucus secretion), and ameliorated hepatic oxidative stress (upregulated Nrf2\/Nqo1\/Ho1 mRNA expression, restored CAT activity, and reduced H2O2 accumulation). 16S sequencing revealed that XOS supplementation significantly increased the Shannon index in AA-exposed mice compared with the AA group, suggesting enhanced cecal microbial diversity, although AA exposure did not significantly reduce \u03b1-diversity. Further analysis showed that XOS reshaped the community composition, particularly by reducing pro-inflammatory genera (Dubosiella, Desulfovibrio, Faecalibaculum, and Faecalimonas) and enriching short chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria (Bifidobacterium, norank_f__Muribaculaceae, and Akkermansia). Furthermore, XOS significantly elevated SCFA levels in AA-treated mice, including acetic, propionic, butyric, valeric, and isovaleric acids. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that dietary XOS ameliorates AA-induced gut\u2013liver toxicity in mice when co-administered with AA. This protective effect was associated with modulation of the gut microbiota and SCFA metabolism, providing a basis for future studies exploring the potential of XOS against foodborne contaminant toxicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology15191684","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T09:04:17Z","timestamp":1790067857000},"page":"1684","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Corncob-Derived Xylo-Oligosaccharides Attenuate Acrylamide-Induced Gut\u2013Liver Toxicity in Mice, Associated with Modulation of Gut Microbiota and SCFA Metabolism"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Le","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yanjuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Ruiping","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Zhongke","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Erting","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Heagreen Bio-Technology Co., Ltd., Zhoukou 466001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3797-1455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zonghao","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2024.142247","article-title":"Acrylamide: An approach to its knowledge and importance for roasted coffee","volume":"466","author":"Bonilla","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70480","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.70480","article-title":"Acrylamide occurrence in Iranian biscuits and its potential risk of exposure","volume":"13","author":"Shahidi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochx.2025.103041","article-title":"What do we know about acrylamide levels in rice and rice products? A general overview","volume":"31","author":"Aksu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem. X"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2024.140662","article-title":"White and wholewheat bread consumption and the risk of exposure to acrylamide and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural","volume":"460","author":"Lemos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Govindaraju, I., Sana, M., Chakraborty, I., Rahman, M.H., Biswas, R., and Mazumder, N. (2024). Dietary acrylamide: A detailed review on formation, detection, mitigation, and its health impacts. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13040556"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2022.111405","article-title":"Acrylamide induced glucose metabolism disorder in rats involves gut microbiota dysbiosis and changed bile acids metabolism","volume":"157","author":"Yue","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6450","DOI":"10.1039\/D4FO01061B","article-title":"Lactobacillus reuteri JCM 1112 ameliorates chronic acrylamide-induced glucose metabolism disorder via the bile acid-TGR5-GLP-1 axis and modulates intestinal oxidative stress in mice","volume":"15","author":"Yue","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7628","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c06613","article-title":"Acrylamide exposure and type 2 diabetes in a prospective cohort study of Chinese adults: Association, mediation, and gene-environment interaction","volume":"60","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2221097120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2221097120","article-title":"High fried food consumption impacts anxiety and depression due to lipid metabolism disturbance and neuroinflammation","volume":"120","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107261","article-title":"Acrylamide exposure increases cardiovascular risk of general adult population probably by inducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and TGF-\u03b21: A prospective cohort study","volume":"164","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1","article-title":"Toxicity, metabolism, and mitigation strategies of acrylamide: A comprehensive review","volume":"34","author":"Karami","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Health Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2024.114931","article-title":"Acrylamide in alternative snacks to potato: A review","volume":"194","author":"Ferreira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101751","article-title":"Strategies to reduce neurotoxic acrylamide in biscuits, a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Ghanati","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxicol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2026.147892","article-title":"A comprehensive review on inhibitory effects and mechanisms of plant polyphenols on acrylamide and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural formation in heat-processed foods","volume":"504","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2025.147164","article-title":"Mitigation of acrylamide in bread: Insights into formulation and technological approaches","volume":"498","author":"Khanniri","year":"2026","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2023.113696","article-title":"Acrylamide in food: Occurrence, metabolism, molecular toxicity mechanism and detoxification by phytochemicals","volume":"175","author":"Yan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.26599\/FSHW.2022.9250019","article-title":"Protective mechanism of quercetin compounds against acrylamide-induced hepatotoxicity","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Sci. Hum. Well."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15785","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c04687","article-title":"Allicin alleviates mitochondrial dysfunction in acrylamide-induced rat kidney involving the regulation of SIRT1","volume":"71","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5863","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO01452G","article-title":"Evaluation of the protective effects of Ganoderma atrum polysaccharide on acrylamide-induced injury in small intestine tissue of rats","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2025.116583","article-title":"Unveiling the spectrum of xylooligosaccharides from lignocellulosic biomasses: Production, functional properties, food applications, and market insights","volume":"213","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4654","DOI":"10.1039\/D5FO00169B","article-title":"A review of the capacity of xylooligosaccharides to modulate gut microbiota and promote health","volume":"16","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3122","DOI":"10.1039\/D3FO04681H","article-title":"Xylooligosaccharides ameliorate insulin resistance by increasing Akkermansia muciniphila and improving intestinal barrier dysfunction in gestational diabetes mellitus mice","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kostanova, A., Shamsiyeva, Y., Yermukhanov, A., and Kiribayeva, A. (2026). Cereal biomass-derived xylo- and malto-oligosaccharides as next-generation prebiotics: A comprehensive review of sustainable production and translational benefits for human and animal gut microbiota. Front. Microbiol., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1803157"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-015-1687-x","article-title":"A combination supplement of fructo- and xylo-oligosaccharides significantly abrogates oxidative impairments and neurotoxicity in maternal\/fetal milieu following gestational exposure to acrylamide in rat","volume":"40","author":"Krishna","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5096","DOI":"10.1021\/jf800171c","article-title":"Formation of hemoglobin adducts of acrylamide after its ingestion in rats is dependent on age and sex","volume":"56","author":"Sanchez","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Luo, R., Sun, Z., Zhang, Y., Guo, Y., Chen, Y., Li, L., and Yue, Z. (2025). Synergistic toxicity of combined exposure to acrylamide and polystyrene nanoplastics on the gut\u2013liver axis in mice. Biology, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14050523"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.06.029","article-title":"The ameliorative effects of boron against acrylamide-induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and metabolic changes in rats","volume":"118","author":"Acaroz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"542","article-title":"Biochemical changes in the liver of Swiss albino mice orally exposed to acrylamide","volume":"2","author":"Sharma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mj. Int. J. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"27","article-title":"Gastrointestinal motility and Intestinal structure following oral exposure to acrylamide in Wistar rats","volume":"10","author":"Ige","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. J. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) (2012). Toxicological Profile for Acrylamide, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"NTP (2011, August 03). NTP Technical Report on the Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Acrylamide (CAS No. 79-06-1) in F344\/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Drinking Water Study). Scheduled Peer Review Date: April 5, 2011. National Toxicology Program. National Institutes of Health. Public Health Service. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NTP TR 575, Available online: http:\/\/ntp.niehs.nih.gov\/Ntp\/About_Ntp\/TRPanel\/2011\/April\/DraftTR575.pdf."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.07-9574LSF","article-title":"Dose translation from animal to human studies revisited","volume":"22","author":"Nihal","year":"2008","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12837","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.1c05014","article-title":"Allicin ameliorates intestinal barrier damage via microbiota-regulated short-chain fatty acids-TLR4\/MyD88\/NF-\u03baB cascade response in acrylamide-induced rats","volume":"69","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1800014","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201800014","article-title":"Effects of prebiotic fiber xylooligosaccharide in adenine-induced nephropathy in mice","volume":"62","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2018.10.035","article-title":"Xylooligosaccharide supplementation decreases visceral fat accumulation and modulates cecum microbiome in mice","volume":"52","author":"Long","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1183","article-title":"Disruption of the epithelial barrier during intestinal inflammation: Quest for new molecules and mechanisms","volume":"1864","author":"Lechuga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bba-Mol. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2828137","DOI":"10.1155\/ijm\/2828137","article-title":"The intestinal barrier: A multilayered gatekeeper against systemic disease","volume":"2026","author":"Wakabayashi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(24)00390-X","article-title":"The intestinal barrier: A pivotal role in health, inflammation, and cancer","volume":"10","author":"Neurath","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2023.113658","article-title":"Therapeutic role of melatonin on acrylamide-induced hepatotoxicity in pinealectomized rats: Effects on oxidative stress, NF-\u03baB signaling pathway, and hepatocellular proliferation","volume":"174","author":"Ozturk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101859","article-title":"Effects of dietary acrylamide on kidney and liver health: Molecular mechanisms and pharmacological implications","volume":"14","author":"Quasmi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxicol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acthis.2015.09.004","article-title":"Acrylamide alters glycogen content and enzyme activities in the liver of juvenile rat","volume":"117","author":"Kovac","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Histochem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-2333(98)00051-4","article-title":"Acrylamide toxicity in isolated rat hepatocytes","volume":"12","author":"Awad","year":"1998","journal-title":"Toxicol. Vitr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2022.0055","article-title":"Acrylamide-induced hepatotoxicity through oxidative stress: Mechanisms and interventions","volume":"38","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3265","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-34650-8","article-title":"Neuroprotective potential of eugenol against acrylamide-induced brain toxicity by regulating Nrf2\/NQO1\/HO1 and NLRP3\/NF-\u03baB\/IL-1\u03b2 signaling cascades","volume":"16","author":"Baraka","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5451","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.70624","article-title":"Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. polyphenols attenuate acrylamide-induced cerebral injury via dual modulation of Nrf2\/HO1 and MAPK pathways","volume":"106","author":"Han","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23599","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-08525-x","article-title":"The impact of Nrf2\/HO1, PD-L1\/Bax\/Bcl-2 and TNF-\u03b1\/Il-6 signaling pathways in the ameliorative role of cordycepin against acrylamide-induced cardiac toxicity in rats","volume":"15","author":"Sedik","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2025.103661","article-title":"Oxidative stress response and NRF2 signaling pathway in autism spectrum disorder","volume":"83","author":"Davinelli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-025-01145-0","article-title":"Thirty years of NRF2: Advances and therapeutic challenges","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(81)90003-4","article-title":"Conjugation of acrylamide with glutathione catalysed by glutathione-S-transferases of rat liver and brain","volume":"30","author":"Dixit","year":"1981","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlife.2025.01.001","article-title":"Crucial functions of gut microbiota on gut\u2013liver repair","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"hLife"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2024.06.004","article-title":"Acrylamide drives amidase-mediated gut dysbiosis to aggravate colitis","volume":"70","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6428","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2024.2440602","article-title":"The relationship between acrylamide and neurodegenerative diseases: Gut microbiota as a new intermediate cue","volume":"65","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.129981","article-title":"Egg white peptides ameliorate dextran sulfate sodium-induced acute colitis symptoms by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and modulation of gut microbiota composition","volume":"360","author":"Ge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2024.103699","article-title":"Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus NCUH061012 alleviates hyperuricemia via modulating gut microbiota and intestinal metabolites in mice","volume":"58","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2021.110547","article-title":"Dietary advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) increase their concentration in plasma and tissues, result in inflammation and modulate gut microbial composition in mice; evidence for reversibility","volume":"147","author":"Linkens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2024.127725","article-title":"Effects of intestinal Desulfovibrio bacteria on host health and its potential regulatory strategies: A review","volume":"284","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2021.110240","article-title":"Caffeic acid prevents non-alcoholic fatty liver disease induced by a high-fat diet through gut microbiota modulation in mice","volume":"143","author":"Mu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.08.005","article-title":"Microbiota imbalance induced by dietary sugar disrupts immune-mediated protection from metabolic syndrome","volume":"185","author":"Kawano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333483","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2333483","article-title":"Transplant of microbiota from Crohn\u2019s disease patients to germ-free mice results in colitis","volume":"16","author":"Sheikh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-026-00933-9","article-title":"From association to intervention: Muribaculaceae driven SCFAs production enhances boar semen quality via inflammation alleviation","volume":"12","author":"Guo","year":"2026","journal-title":"npj Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mierlan, O.L., Busila, C., Amaritei, O., Elena, D., Raileanu, C.R., Maftei, N.M., Matei, M.N., and Gurau, G. (2025). Akkermansia muciniphila in metabolic disease: Far from perfect. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262311602"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoon, S.J., Yu, J.S., Min, B.H., Gupta, H., Won, S.M., Park, H.J., Han, S.H., Kim, B.Y., Kim, K.H., and Kim, B.K. (2023). Bifidobacterium-derived short-chain fatty acids and indole compounds attenuate nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by modulating gut-liver axis. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1129904"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9426","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b02940","article-title":"Potential of fructooligosaccharides and xylooligosaccharides as substrates to counteract the undesirable effects of several antibiotics on elder fecal microbiota: A first in vitro approach","volume":"66","author":"Alonso","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Agr. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.05.041","article-title":"From dietary fiber to host physiology: Short-chain fatty acids as key bacterial metabolites","volume":"165","author":"Koh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-024-01014-8","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids: Linking diet, the microbiome and immunity","volume":"24","author":"Mann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-025-01183-w","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids and their role in human health and disease","volume":"23","author":"Mukhopadhya","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yao, Y., Liu, Y., Xu, Q., and Mao, L. (2024). Short chain fatty acids: Essential weapons of traditional medicine in treating inflammatory bowel disease. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29020379"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-023-05853-6","article-title":"Butyrate limits inflammatory macrophage niche in NASH","volume":"14","author":"Sarkar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2021.102165","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids as modulators of redox signaling in health and disease","volume":"47","author":"Boorman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-021-01107-9","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation protects rotenone-induced Parkinson\u2019s disease mice via suppressing inflammation mediated by the lipopolysaccharide-TLR4 signaling pathway through the microbiota-gut-brain axis","volume":"9","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1039\/D3FO03319H","article-title":"Isoquercitrin alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced intestinal mucosal barrier damage in mice by regulating TLR4\/MyD88\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathway and intestinal flora","volume":"15","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14864","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.2c06417","article-title":"Fucoidan ameliorated dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis by modulating gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism","volume":"70","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Agr. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2015.120","article-title":"Schisandrol B protects against acetaminophen-induced acute hepatotoxicity in mice via activation of the NRF2\/ARE signaling pathway","volume":"37","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-019-0328-y","article-title":"Role of Nrf2 in inflammatory response in lung of mice exposed to zinc oxide nanoparticles","volume":"16","author":"Sehsah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."}],"container-title":["Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/15\/19\/1684\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T04:32:09Z","timestamp":1790224329000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/15\/19\/1684"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["biology15191684"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology15191684","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-7737"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-7737","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]}}}