{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T16:02:38Z","timestamp":1790870558854,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Henan Postdoctoral Foundation"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009997","name":"Earmarked Fund for Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CARS-18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-18"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009997","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process essential for cellular quality control, metabolic adaptation, and developmental programming. The silkworm has emerged as a compelling model organism for investigating autophagy due to its well-characterized genome, ease of genetic manipulation, and significant homology with human disease-related genes. This review synthesizes current advances in silkworm autophagy research across four interconnected domains: molecular regulatory mechanisms, developmental functions, stress-induced responses, and disease-related implications. The steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) orchestrates autophagy during metamorphosis through transcriptional upregulation of autophagy-related genes (Atgs) and mTOR inhibition. AMPK acts as a key energy sensor, phosphorylating BmAtg1c upon 20E stimulation or starvation. Functionally, autophagy participates in tissue remodeling, silk gland degeneration, and fat-body metabolism during development. Upon pathogenic infections (BmNPV, BmCPV, microsporidia) or xenobiotic stresses (pesticides, heavy metals), autophagy exhibits context-dependent duality\u2014often promoting pathogen replication while also contributing to host defense. The interplay between autophagy and apoptosis serves as a critical molecular switch determining cellular fate under stress conditions. Collectively, these findings establish the silkworm as a versatile platform for decoding autophagy regulatory networks and their physiological significance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology15191688","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T15:35:28Z","timestamp":1790868928000},"page":"1688","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Autophagy in Silkworm Biology: Progress and Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8503-4186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lanlan","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Sericulture Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Agricultural Product Quality Safety and Green Food Development Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2013.169","article-title":"Historical landmarks of autophagy research","volume":"24","author":"Ohsumi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2021.1976965","article-title":"Mechanistic insights into an atypical interaction between ATG8 and SH3P2 in Arabidopsis thaliana","volume":"18","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1038\/s41477-026-02285-w","article-title":"Cell-type-specific autophagy in root-hair-forming cells is essential for salt stress tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Plants"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2026.124277","article-title":"Autophagy as an architect of embryogenesis: Understanding the new mechanisms, emerging paradigms, and future directions","volume":"391","author":"Nazeerulla","year":"2026","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.12.013","article-title":"Drosophila as a model to study autophagy during oogenesis","volume":"532","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2026","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-023-06154-8","article-title":"Autophagy: Regulator of cell death","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.10.026","article-title":"Autophagy: Renovation of cells and tissues","volume":"147","author":"Mizushima","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(93)80398-E","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of autophagy-defective mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"333","author":"Tsukada","year":"1993","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2708","article-title":"Dynamics and diversity in autophagy mechanisms: Lessons from yeast","volume":"10","author":"Nakatogawa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1272\/jnms.JNMS.2024_91-102","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms of Macroautophagy, Microautophagy, and Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy","volume":"91","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nippon Med. Sch."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-2830-6_12","article-title":"Biomarkers of Autophagy","volume":"1208","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, K., Feng, L., Sun, S., and Zhuang, X. (2021). Plant Mitophagy in Comparison to Mammals: What Is Still Missing?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22031236"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-arplant-042811-105441","article-title":"Autophagy: Pathways for self-eating in plant cells","volume":"63","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2026.2664350","article-title":"Overexpression of autophagy genes activates lipophagy in Arabidopsis","volume":"22","author":"Fan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.20069","article-title":"Loss of the starvation-induced gene Rack1 leads to glycogen deficiency and impaired autophagic responses in Drosophila","volume":"8","author":"Erdi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11542","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.5577","article-title":"Autophagy: A challengeable paradox in cancer treatment","volume":"12","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Xiang, Q., Wu, M., Lao, Y.Z., Xian, Y.F., Xu, H.X., and Lin, Z.X. (2023). Autophagy Regulators in Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241310944"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pep.2025.106762","article-title":"From Silkroad to Bioroad-Silkworm Biotechnology","volume":"234","author":"Park","year":"2025","journal-title":"Protein Expr. Purif."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mai, L.X., Kang, S.K., Jo, Y.Y., Nguyen, P., Kim, A.Y., Kim, K.Y., Kim, N.S., and Koh, Y.H. (2022). An Alkaline Protease-Digestion of Silkworm Powder Enhances Its Effects Over Healthspan, Autophagy, and Mitochondria Function in a Rotenone-Induced Drosophila Model. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.808295"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.117820","article-title":"Qingfei xieding prescription ameliorates mitochondrial DNA-initiated inflammation in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis through activating autophagy","volume":"325","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, Y.H., Phuong, N., Hoang, N.M.A., Kim, H.J., Baik, M.Y., and Koh, Y.H. (2025). Silkworm Enzyme Hydrolysates Improve Memory in MCI Models via CREB-BDNF Signaling and Enhanced Brain Mitochondrial Function. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17122044"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ishii, M., Mikami, K., Tabuchi, F., Maruyama, N., and Miyashita, A. (2025). A human-relevant alternative infection model for mucormycosis using the silkworm Bombyx mori. PLoS ONE, 20.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0333476"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"97","article-title":"Silkworm: A Promising Model Organism in Life Science","volume":"17","author":"Meng","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Insect Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.12668","article-title":"Silkworm as an experimental animal for research on fungal infections","volume":"63","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2022.104381","article-title":"Molecular mechanism and potential application of bacterial infection in the silkworm, Bombyx mori","volume":"131","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2022.104406","article-title":"Relish regulates innate immunity via mediating ATG5 activity in Antheraea pernyi","volume":"132","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, L., Li, H., Zheng, Q., Hu, J., and Wu, W. (2023). Research Progress on the Regulation of Autophagy and Apoptosis in Insects by Sterol Hormone 20-Hydroxyecdysone. Insects, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects14110871"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.24731","article-title":"20-Hydroxyecdysone upregulates Atg genes to induce autophagy in the Bombyx fat body","volume":"9","author":"Tian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2019.103255","article-title":"Steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone induces the transcription and complex assembly of V-ATPases to facilitate autophagy in Bombyx mori","volume":"116","author":"Dai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiao, H., Wang, J., Wang, Y., Yang, J., Wei, B., Li, M., Wang, B., Li, X., Cao, Y., and Tian, L. (2021). Transcriptome analysis reveals potential function of long non-coding RNAs in 20-hydroxyecdysone regulated autophagy in Bombyx mori. BMC Genom., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-021-07692-1"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, W., Lin, L., Zhao, Y., Li, H., and Zhang, R. (2023). Protein modification regulated autophagy in Bombyx mori and Drosophila melanogaster. Front. Physiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1281555"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, R., Xiao, Y., Li, K., and Tian, L. (2022). Transcription and Post-translational Regulation of Autophagy in Insects. Front. Physiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.825202"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2020.1725376","article-title":"Cholesterol derivatives induce dephosphorylation of the histone deacetylases Rpd3\/HDAC1 to upregulate autophagy","volume":"17","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2012.09.086","article-title":"Molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis of ATG1 in the silkworm, Bombyx mori","volume":"511","author":"Casati","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2022.103888","article-title":"Atg1 phosphorylation is activated by AMPK and indispensable for autophagy induction in insects","volume":"152","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, W., Li, K., Zhao, H., Xu, X., Xu, J., Luo, M., Xiao, Y., and Tian, L. (2020). Tip60 Phosphorylation at Ser 99 Is Essential for Autophagy Induction in Bombyx mori. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21, Correction in Int. J. Mol. Sci.\u00a02021, 22, 1751.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22041751"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, L., Zhong, Q., Yang, Y., Wu, W., Xiao, Y., Li, S., and Li, K. (2025). Lipid metabolites affected by deficient autophagy antagonize the occurrence of autophagy through AMPK signaling in insects. BMC Biol., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-025-02274-z"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e04664","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202504664","article-title":"Draper-ATG3 Interaction Positively Regulates Autophagy to Mediate Silk Gland Degradation in Bombyx mori","volume":"12","author":"Zou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21507","DOI":"10.1002\/arch.21507","article-title":"Inhibition of silkworm vacuolar-type ATPase activity by its inhibitor Bafilomycin A1 induces caspase-dependent apoptosis in an embryonic cell line of silkworm","volume":"99","author":"Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21827","DOI":"10.1002\/arch.21827","article-title":"Cloning and functional analysis of autophagy-related gene 7 in Bombyx mori, silkworm","volume":"107","author":"Ye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1107\/S1744309110018464","article-title":"Structure of autophagy-related protein Atg8 from the silkworm Bombyx mori","volume":"66","author":"Hu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Crystallogr. Sect. F Struct. Biol. Cryst. Commun."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1002\/arch.21114","article-title":"Characterization of Atg8 in lepidopteran insect cells","volume":"84","author":"Gai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Hu, Z.Y., Li, W.F., Li, Q.R., Deng, X.J., Yang, W.Y., Cao, Y., and Zhou, C.Z. (2009). Systematic cloning and analysis of autophagy-related genes from the silkworm Bombyx mori. BMC Mol. Biol., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2199-10-50"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-021-00513-0","article-title":"P300\/HDAC1 regulates the acetylation\/deacetylation and autophagic activities of LC3\/Atg8-PE ubiquitin-like system","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-019-03513-y","article-title":"Acetylation of BmAtg8 inhibits starvation-induced autophagy initiation","volume":"457","author":"Xue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21718","DOI":"10.1002\/arch.21718","article-title":"Functional identification of Bombyx mori Atg13 in autophagy","volume":"105","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2017.08.006","article-title":"Lipidation of BmAtg8 is required for autophagic degradation of p62 bodies containing ubiquitinated proteins in the silkworm, Bombyx mori","volume":"89","author":"Ji","year":"2017","journal-title":"Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2025.104447","article-title":"Lysosomal acid lipase-1 functions in autophagy occurrence and lipid homeostasis dependent of heat shock protein 83 in insects","volume":"186","author":"Zeng","year":"2026","journal-title":"Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/7651_2018_122","article-title":"Methods for Monitoring Autophagy in Silkworm Organs","volume":"1854","author":"Montali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2016.09.151","article-title":"Proteasome inhibitor MG132 impairs autophagic flux through compromising formation of autophagosomes in Bombyx cells","volume":"479","author":"Ji","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32939","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32939","article-title":"Roles and regulation of autophagy and apoptosis in the remodelling of the lepidopteran midgut epithelium during metamorphosis","volume":"6","author":"Romanelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1111\/1744-7917.13109","article-title":"BmCaspase-8-like regulates autophagy by suppressing BmDREDD-mediated cleavage of BmATG6","volume":"30","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Insect Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21832","DOI":"10.1002\/arch.21832","article-title":"Role of autophagy in midgut stem cells of silkworm Bombyx mori, during larval-pupal metamorphosis","volume":"108","author":"Gunay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-011-0675-0","article-title":"Autophagy precedes apoptosis during the remodeling of silkworm larval midgut","volume":"17","author":"Franzetti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-009-0898-3","article-title":"Modes of cell death in the pupal perivisceral fat body tissue of the silkworm Bombyx mori L","volume":"339","author":"Sumithra","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2015.1134079","article-title":"BmATG5 and BmATG6 mediate apoptosis following autophagy induced by 20-hydroxyecdysone or starvation","volume":"12","author":"Xie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1111\/1744-7917.12417","article-title":"BmCalpains are involved in autophagy and apoptosis during metamorphosis and after starvation in Bombyx mori","volume":"25","author":"Yi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Insect Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiao, H., Tong, Z., Wang, Y., Yang, J., Sun, Y., Shi, H., Liu, Z., Duan, J., Li, D., and Kan, Y. (2025). miR-34-5p mediates 20E-induced autophagy in the fat body of Bombyx mori by targeting Atg1. BMC Genom., 26.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-025-11499-9"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.134312","article-title":"Fibroinase plays a vital role in silk gland degeneration by regulating autophagy and apoptosis in the silkworm, Bombyx mori","volume":"277","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asd.2017.05.003","article-title":"Timing of autophagy and apoptosis during posterior silk gland degeneration in Bombyx mori","volume":"46","author":"Montali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthropod Struct. Dev."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"1146","article-title":"Sequential steps of macroautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy are involved in the irreversible process of posterior silk gland histolysis during metamorphosis of Bombyx mori","volume":"219","author":"Shiba","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1007\/s00360-016-0990-4","article-title":"Changes in 30K protein synthesis during delayed degeneration of the silk gland by a caspase-dependent pathway in a Bombyx (silkworm) mutant","volume":"186","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. B"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu, H., Cheng, J., Zou, H., Chen, M., Cui, X., Hu, X., Li, F., and Li, B. (2025). Asynchronous programmed cell death occurrence in the silk glands at pupation (Bombyx mori). Insect Sci.","DOI":"10.1111\/1744-7917.70154"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.6953","article-title":"Some autophagic and apoptotic features of programmed cell death in the anterior silk glands of the silkworm, Bombyx mori","volume":"4","author":"Goncu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1111\/imb.12911","article-title":"Mechanism of programmed cell death in the posterior silk gland of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, during pupation based on Ca2+ homeostasis","volume":"33","author":"Gu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Insect Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1111\/imb.12985","article-title":"Role of Atg3, Atg5 and Atg12 in the crosstalk between apoptosis and autophagy in the posterior silk gland of Bombyx mori","volume":"34","author":"Goncu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Insect Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2016.07.002","article-title":"Histomorphometric and transcriptomic features characterize silk glands\u2019 development during the molt to intermolt transition process in silkworm","volume":"76","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.135","article-title":"POUM2 homeostasis regulates intimal remodeling and cells fate in the anterior silk gland of the silkworm","volume":"225","author":"Cai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, K., Li, Y., He, H., Liu, L., Zhao, P., Xia, Q., and Wang, Y. (2019). A Novel Adenosine Kinase from Bombyx mori: Enzymatic Activity, Structure, and Biological Function. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20153732"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, C., Zhou, Z., Guo, Q., Yang, Y., Sun, Y., Liu, Y., Jia, W., Fan, S., Wu, J., and Hua, X. (2025). CRISPR\/Cas9-Mediated Knockout of BmGDAP2 in the Silkworm, Bombyx mori: Extended Lifespan and Altered Gene Expression Impacting Developmental Pathways. Insects, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects16040354"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.009","article-title":"Mechanism of the growth and development of the posterior silk gland and silk secretion revealed by mutation of the fibroin light chain in silkworm","volume":"188","author":"Ye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2019.05.010","article-title":"Developmental and transcriptomic features characterize defects of silk gland growth and silk production in silkworm naked pupa mutant","volume":"111","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, Y., Zhu, Y., Lin, Y., Chen, L., Feng, Q., Wang, W., and Xiang, H. (2018). New insight into the mechanism underlying the silk gland biological process by knocking out fibroin heavy chain in the silkworm. BMC Genom., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-018-4602-4"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, W., Wang, X., Ma, S., Peng, Z., Cao, Y., and Xia, Q. (2021). CRISPR-Mediated Endogenous Activation of Fibroin Heavy Chain Gene Triggers Cellular Stress Responses in Bombyx mori Embryonic Cells. Insects, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects12060552"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinsphys.2025.104926","article-title":"Mechanism of differential efficiency in expression of sericin 3 and silk fibroin heavy chain-like protein in the posterior silk gland of the domestic silkworm (Bombyx mori)","volume":"168","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Insect Physiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-169X.2006.00878.x","article-title":"Programmed cell death of the ovarian nurse cells during oogenesis of the silkmoth Bombyx mori","volume":"48","author":"Mpakou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dev. Growth Differ."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gong, J., Zheng, X., Zhao, S., Yang, L., Xue, Z., Fan, Z., and Tang, M. (2020). Early Molecular Events during Onset of Diapause in Silkworm Eggs Revealed by Transcriptome Analysis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176180"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250231","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.250231","article-title":"20-hydroxyecdysone regulated exosomal transport of mulberry urease drives nitrogen recycling and silkworm development","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Open Biol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14601","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14601","article-title":"Characterization of aggregate\/aggresome structures formed by polyhedrin of Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus","volume":"5","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.134325","article-title":"Autophagy promotes replication of Bombyx mori Nucleopolyhedrovirus in insect cells","volume":"277","author":"Fei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2026.108567","article-title":"Atg5-mediated autophagy modulation shapes the outcome of Bombyx mori Nucleopolyhedrovirus infection in silkworms","volume":"216","author":"Mehmood","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Invertebr. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Xiao, Q., Zhou, X.L., Zhu, Y., Dong, Z.Q., Chen, P., Pan, M.H., and Lu, C. (2018). Bombyx mori Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (BmNPV) Induces Host Cell Autophagy to Benefit Infection. Viruses, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/v10010014"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2025.108500","article-title":"Bmced6 enhances BmNPV infection in BmN cells by modulating autophagy and mitochondrial homeostasis","volume":"214","author":"Xu","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Invertebr. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2019.03.016","article-title":"BmAtg13 promotes the replication and proliferation of Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus","volume":"157","author":"Xiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fei, S., Xia, J., Huang, Y., Zhou, M., Xie, B., Kong, Y., Swevers, L., Sun, J., and Feng, M. (2025). Baculovirus enhances arginine uptake and induces mitochondrial autophagy to promote viral proliferation. PLoS Pathog., 21.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013331"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2017.07.013","article-title":"iTRAQ proteomic analysis of the interactions between Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus and silkworm","volume":"166","author":"Dong","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2020.103904","article-title":"Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus downregulates transcription factor BmFoxO to elevate virus infection","volume":"116","author":"Kang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, Q., Deng, J., Li, H., Huang, Z., and Tian, L. (2023). Cytoskeleton Protein BmACT1 Is Potential for the Autophagic Function and Nuclear Localization of BmAtg4b in Bombyx mori. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12060899"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2024.108235","article-title":"Bombyx mori PAT4 gene inhibits BmNPV infection and replication through autophagy","volume":"208","author":"Jia","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Invertebr. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.126414","article-title":"Regulation of Bombyx mori ferritin heavy-chain homolog on ROS induces multiple effects on BmNPV replication","volume":"253","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2016.11.019","article-title":"iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis of midgut in silkworm infected with Bombyx mori cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus","volume":"152","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1093\/jisesa\/iev047","article-title":"Lack of Connection Between Midgut Cell Autophagy Gene Expression and BmCPV Infection in the Midgut of Bombyx mori","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Insect Sci."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2021.104244","article-title":"Bombyx mori cypovirus (BmCPV) induces PINK1-Parkin mediated mitophagy via interaction of VP4 with host Tom40","volume":"126","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2023.103947","article-title":"BmCPV replication is suppressed by the activation of the NF-\u03baB\/autophagy pathway through the interaction of vsp21 translated by vcircRNA_000048 with ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase","volume":"156","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/arch.21777","article-title":"Identification of long noncoding RNAs in silkworm larvae infected with Bombyx mori cypovirus","volume":"106","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2019.103601","article-title":"Transcriptome analysis of the immune response of silkworm at the early stage of Bombyx mori bidensovirus infection","volume":"106","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2020.103862","article-title":"STING-dependent autophagy suppresses Nosema bombycis infection in silkworms, Bombyx mori","volume":"115","author":"Hua","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toae072","article-title":"Identification of long non-coding RNAs in response to microsporidia infection in Silkworm, Bombyx mori","volume":"117","author":"Pu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2020.107355","article-title":"Quantitative proteomic analysis of ovaries from Nosema bombycis-infected silkworm (Bombyx mori)","volume":"172","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Invertebr. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485314000686","article-title":"Upregulation of Atg5 and AIF gene expression in synchronization with programmed cellular death events in integumental epithelium of Bombyx mori induced by a dipteran parasitoid infection","volume":"104","author":"Anitha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bull. Entomol. Res."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106797","article-title":"Insights into pesticides-induced toxicity in the silkworm (Bombyx mori) from physiological responses to molecular mechanisms","volume":"216","author":"Bian","year":"2026","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2022.105223","article-title":"Mechanism of autophagy induced by low concentrations of chlorantraniliprole in silk gland, Bombyx mori","volume":"188","author":"Mao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/imb.12811","article-title":"Sublethal chlorantraniliprole exposure induces autophagy and apoptosis through disrupting calcium homeostasis in the silkworm Bombyx mori","volume":"32","author":"Ye","year":"2023","journal-title":"Insect Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2023.105585","article-title":"Low concentration chlorantraniliprole-promoted Ca2+ release drives a shift from autophagy to apoptosis in the silk gland of Bombyx mori","volume":"196","author":"Gu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2023.105586","article-title":"The promoting effects of pyriproxyfen on autophagy and apoptosis in silk glands of non-target insect silkworm, Bombyx mori","volume":"196","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.122470","article-title":"Dinotefuran induces oxidative stress and autophagy on Bombyx mori silk gland: Toxic effects and implications for nontarget organisms","volume":"336","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.131997","article-title":"Dinotefuran exposure induces autophagy and apoptosis through oxidative stress in Bombyx mori","volume":"458","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2024.105812","article-title":"Indoxacarb triggers autophagy and apoptosis through ROS accumulation mediated by oxidative phosphorylation in the midgut of Bombyx mori","volume":"200","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, Z., Fang, Y., Zhang, F., Liu, Y., Wen, X., Yu, C., Cheng, X., Li, D., Huang, L., and Ai, H. (2024). Toxic Effect of Methyl-Thiophanate on Bombyx mori Based on Physiological and Transcriptomic Analysis. Genes, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes15101279"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1111\/imb.12981","article-title":"Mechanism of starvation induced autophagy and apoptosis in the midgut of silkworm, Bombyx mori, based on calcium homeostasis","volume":"34","author":"Cheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Insect Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2026.104494","article-title":"Starvation induces a transition from autophagy to apoptosis via the ER-Ca2+-calpain signaling axis in the fat body of Bombyx mori","volume":"188","author":"Cheng","year":"2026","journal-title":"Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22128","DOI":"10.1002\/arch.22128","article-title":"Effects of high temperature on the growth performance and midgut autophagy of thermotolerant and thermosensitive silkworm strains","volume":"116","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2025.104384","article-title":"Study on the effects of high temperature on autophagy and apoptosis in different organs of Bombyx mori based on calcium ion homeostasis","volume":"184","author":"Peng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.143","article-title":"Combined analysis of silk synthesis and hemolymph amino acid metabolism reveal key roles for glycine in increasing silkworm silk yields","volume":"209","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1111\/imb.13010","article-title":"Effect of copper exposure on the silkworm Bombyx mori: Insights into the changes of metabolism, gut microbial composition and gene expression","volume":"34","author":"Bian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Insect Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.124666","article-title":"Genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screening in Bombyx mori reveals the toxicological mechanisms of environmental pollutants, fluoride and cadmium","volume":"410","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-025-02474-0","article-title":"Identification of new candidates regulating autophagy-dependent midgut degradation in Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"11","author":"Umargamwala","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71584","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202503319R","article-title":"Fat Body-Derived Juvenile Hormone Acid Methyltransferase Antagonizes Ecdysone by Inhibiting JNK-Dependent Autophagy in Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"40","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6054","DOI":"10.1038\/s44318-026-00847-4","article-title":"Local autophagy impairment triggers brain-wide presynaptic remodeling and resilience","volume":"45","author":"Toppe","year":"2026","journal-title":"Embo J."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2025.102712","article-title":"Autophagy is dispensable in germline stem cells but is required in the cap cells for their maintenance in the Drosophila ovarian niche","volume":"20","author":"Nilangekar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ddaf198","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddaf198","article-title":"A dwdr45 knock-out drosophila model to decipher the role of autophagy in BPAN","volume":"35","author":"Celle","year":"2026","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asd.2016.06.002","article-title":"Midgut epithelium in molting silkworm: A fine balance among cell growth, differentiation, and survival","volume":"45","author":"Franzetti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthropod Struct. Dev."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34182","DOI":"10.1038\/srep34182","article-title":"Reproductive toxicity and gender differences induced by cadmium telluride quantum dots in an invertebrate model organism","volume":"6","author":"Yan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiu, J.F., Li, X., Cui, W.Z., Liu, X.F., Tao, H., Yang, K., Dai, T.M., Sima, Y.H., and Xu, S.Q. (2019). Inhibition of Period Gene Expression Causes Repression of Cell Cycle Progression and Cell Growth in the Bombyx mori Cells. Front. Physiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00537"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X.D., Wang, Y.F., Wang, Y.L., Li, Q.Y., Ma, H.Y., Wang, L., Sima, Y.H., and Xu, S.Q. (2018). Induced Hyperproteinemia and Its Effects on the Remodeling of Fat Bodies in Silkworm, Bombyx mori. Front. Physiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00302"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.06.057","article-title":"Impact of fluorescent silicon nanoparticles on circulating hemolymph and hematopoiesis in an invertebrate model organism","volume":"159","author":"Xing","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.112915","article-title":"Molecular response mechanisms of silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) to the toxicity of 1-octyl-3-methylimidazole chloride based on transcriptome analysis of midguts and silk glands","volume":"227","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2443","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2025.2510843","article-title":"Defective autophagy in a fibroin secretion-deficient silkworm mutant","volume":"21","author":"Xia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moure, U.A.E., Tan, T., Sha, L., Lu, X., Shao, Z., Yang, G., Wang, Y., and Cui, H. (2022). Advances in the Immune Regulatory Role of Non-Coding RNAs (miRNAs and lncRNAs) in Insect-Pathogen Interactions. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.856457"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2020.103927","article-title":"Functions of Bombyx mori cathepsin L-like in innate immune response and anti-microbial autophagy","volume":"116","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.5582\/ddt.2015.01014","article-title":"Niemann-Pick disease type C2 protein induces autophagy and inhibits growth in FM3A breast cancer cells","volume":"9","author":"Adachi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Ther."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, S.J., and Rhee, W.J. (2019). Silkworm Storage Protein 1 Inhibits Autophagy-Mediated Apoptosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20020318"}],"container-title":["Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/15\/19\/1688\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T15:41:36Z","timestamp":1790869296000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/15\/19\/1688"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"references-count":132,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["biology15191688"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology15191688","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-7737"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-7737","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]}}}