{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T09:00:59Z","timestamp":1790586059048,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002855","name":"National Key R&D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025YFD2400100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025YFD2400100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002855","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011798","name":"Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["cjb2025zhc-18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["cjb2025zhc-18"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011798","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["cjb2025zhc-18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["cjb2025zhc-18"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05ckt8b96","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hydraulic engineering-driven thermal lag disturbs natural water temperature and induces thermal stress in early-life-stage Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis), yet stage-specific molecular stress mechanisms remain unclear. This study assessed phenotypic, proteomic and metabolomic responses of endogenous-nutrition embryos and exogenous first-feeding larvae under 16 \u00b0C, 19 \u00b0C and 22 \u00b0C. Phenotypic results showed optimal embryo survival at 16 \u00b0C (hatching rate 64.6%), maximum larval growth at 19 \u00b0C (specific growth rate 6.79%\/d), and severe developmental suppression at 22 \u00b0C (with the hatching rate dropping by 49.6 percentage points relative to 16 \u00b0C). Multi-omics uncovered distinct injury pathways: high temperature disrupted amino-acid and fatty-acid catabolism and triggered organic-acid accumulation and energy deficiency in embryos; in first-feeding larvae, it activated ferroptosis, polyunsaturated fatty-acid peroxidation and lysosomal pathways to produce oxidative damage. These findings demonstrate that a 1\u20133 \u00b0C temperature rise exceeds stage-specific thermal tolerance, with embryos succumbing to \u201cmetabolic suppression\u2013energy deficiency\u201d and larvae to \u201coxidative stress\u2013ferroptosis\u201d. This study provides the first integrative proteomic and metabolomic evidence of stage-dependent thermal injury mechanisms in sturgeon, offering mechanistic insights critical for conservation physiology and informing conservation actions for this endangered sturgeon species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology15191713","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T08:18:46Z","timestamp":1790583526000},"page":"1713","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Stage-Dependent Heat-Stress Mechanisms in Chinese Sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis) Early Life-Stages Under Simulated Thermal-Lag Effect"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xiaoqian","family":"Leng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, 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