{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T04:56:29Z","timestamp":1790657789601,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82304917"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82304917"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023M742508"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023M742508"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2023M742508"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023M742508"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0426zh255","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province","award":["2025ZNSFSC1651"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025ZNSFSC1651"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008402","name":"Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CCCXFH202205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CCCXFH202205"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008402","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["CCCXFH202205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CCCXFH202205"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00pcrz470","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ischemic stroke remains a leading cause of disability worldwide, and angiogenesis is critical for functional recovery. Although andrographolide (ANP) has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties, its role in post-stroke angiogenesis remains unclear. Here, we investigated whether ANP promotes post-ischemic angiogenesis by modulating microglia\u2013endothelial crosstalk. Using a ferric chloride (FeCl3)-induced carotid artery thrombosis model in male C57BL\/6J mice, we found that ANP treatment (2.5 mg\/kg) attenuated ischemic brain injury and neurological deficits, enhanced vascular stability, and improved cerebral blood perfusion. Mechanistically, ANP promoted a pro-reparative M2-like microglial state characterized by coordinated transcriptional changes, increased CD206 and IL-10, and reduced CD86 expression. ANP-treated microglia enhanced endothelial cell migration and tube formation while preserving tight-junction integrity through paracrine signaling. Co-immunoprecipitation and gain- and loss-of-function experiments further supported a microglial IL-10-dependent endothelial VEGFR2 upregulation. Together, these findings demonstrate that ANP promotes post-stroke reparative angiogenic activity through IL-10-mediated M2-like microglia\u2013endothelial crosstalk involving endothelial VEGFR2 upregulation, linking its immunomodulatory effects to angiogenesis and highlighting microglia\u2013endothelial crosstalk as a potential therapeutic target for ischemic stroke recovery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology15191715","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T08:18:46Z","timestamp":1790583526000},"page":"1715","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Andrographolide Promotes Post-Ischemic Endothelial Angiogenic Activity via IL-10-Mediated M2-Like Microglia\u2013Endothelial Crosstalk Involving Endothelial VEGFR2 Upregulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Hongfei","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Hairong","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Jiazhen","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Linfeng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Lan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Riyi","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Paralysis Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6602-0491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Liangqin","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2020.113518","article-title":"Emerging neuroprotective strategies for the treatment of ischemic stroke: An overview of clinical and preclinical studies","volume":"335","author":"Paul","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2017.1668","article-title":"Recrudescence of Deficits After Stroke: Clinical and Imaging Phenotype, Triggers, and Risk Factors","volume":"74","author":"Topcuoglu","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.5853\/jos.2016.01515","article-title":"Strategies to Extend Thrombolytic Time Window for Ischemic Stroke Treatment: An Unmet Clinical Need","volume":"19","author":"Borlongan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Stroke"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"388","article-title":"Thrombolytic tPA-induced hemorrhagic transformation of ischemic stroke is mediated by PKC\u03b2 phosphorylation of occludin","volume":"140","author":"Goncalves","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.264442","article-title":"Angiogenesis and neuronal remodeling after ischemic stroke","volume":"15","author":"Kanazawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1794","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.25.9.1794","article-title":"Role of angiogenesis in patients with cerebral ischemic stroke","volume":"25","author":"Krupinski","year":"1994","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X18818298","article-title":"Balanced single-vector co-delivery of VEGF\/PDGF-BB improves functional collateralization in chronic cerebral ischemia","volume":"40","author":"Marushima","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.119.315886","article-title":"Endothelium-Targeted Deletion of microRNA-15a\/16-1 Promotes Poststroke Angiogenesis and Improves Long-Term Neurological Recovery","volume":"126","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X18666200720173316","article-title":"Angiogenesis and Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability in Vascular Remodeling after Stroke","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2016.01.005","article-title":"The biphasic function of microglia in ischemic stroke","volume":"157","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3063","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.112.659656","article-title":"Microglia\/macrophage polarization dynamics reveal novel mechanism of injury expansion after focal cerebral ischemia","volume":"43","author":"Hu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2022.10.020","article-title":"Microglia states and nomenclature: A field at its crossroads","volume":"110","author":"Paolicelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-019-00388-3","article-title":"Dual Functions of Microglia in Ischemic Stroke","volume":"35","author":"Qin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5083","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202010391","article-title":"Ultrasound Controlled Anti-Inflammatory Polarization of Platelet Decorated Microglia for Targeted Ischemic Stroke Therapy","volume":"60","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.05.143","article-title":"Treatment targets for M2 microglia polarization in ischemic stroke","volume":"105","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02330-w","article-title":"M2 microglia-derived exosomes promote vascular remodeling in diabetic retinopathy","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3260","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c09817","article-title":"Targeted mRNA Nanoparticles Ameliorate Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption Postischemic Stroke by Modulating Microglia Polarization","volume":"18","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2011.0307","article-title":"Regulation of Macrophage Polarization and Wound Healing","volume":"1","author":"Ferrante","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2023.100897","article-title":"3D topographies promote macrophage M2d-Subset differentiation","volume":"24","author":"Carrara","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115882","article-title":"AG5 is a potent non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and immune regulator that preserves innate immunity","volume":"169","author":"Lama","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.156279","article-title":"Andrographolide attenuates SARS-CoV-2 infection via an up-regulation of glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC)","volume":"136","author":"Chaopreecha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0944-7113(99)80031-2","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata on PAF-induced platelet aggregation","volume":"6","author":"Amroyan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-019-01672-9","article-title":"Andrographolide enhances hippocampal BDNF signaling and suppresses neuronal apoptosis, astroglial activation, neuroinflammation, and spatial memory deficits in a rat model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion","volume":"392","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedeberg\u2019s Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2021.5019","article-title":"Protective effects of andrographolide against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice","volume":"48","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2345-5396","article-title":"Cerebroprotective Potential of Andrographolide Nanoparticles: In silico and In vivo Investigations","volume":"74","author":"Rudrala","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2010.00906.x","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of andrographolide in a rat model of permanent cerebral ischaemia","volume":"161","author":"Chan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.04.023","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of andrographolide derivative CX-10 in transient focal ischemia in rat: Involvement of Nrf2\/AE and TLR\/NF-\u03baB signaling","volume":"144","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2017.10.062","article-title":"Solid lipid nanoparticles for delivery of andrographolide across the blood-brain barrier: In vitro and in vivo evaluation","volume":"161","author":"Graverini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2015.12.002","article-title":"Andrographolide stimulates p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2-heme oxygenase 1 signaling in primary cerebral endothelial cells for definite protection against ischemic stroke in rats","volume":"170","author":"Yen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, W., Wu, X., Jin, Z., Wang, Z., Guo, Q., Chen, Z., Zhu, S., Zhang, H., Huo, J., and Zhang, L. (2021). Andrographolide Promotes Interaction Between Endothelin-Dependent EDNRA\/EDNRB and Myocardin-SRF to Regulate Pathological Vascular Remodeling. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.783872"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4139330","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4139330","article-title":"URB597 and Andrographolide Improve Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cell Permeability and Apoptosis by Reducing Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Associated with Activation of Nrf2 Signaling in Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation","volume":"2022","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4968","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-41417-5","article-title":"Andrographolide attenuates imbalance of gastric vascular homeostasis induced by ethanol through glycolysis pathway","volume":"9","author":"Yao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonnard, T., and Hagemeyer, C.E. (2015). Ferric Chloride-induced Thrombosis Mouse Model on Carotid Artery and Mesentery Vessel. J. Vis. Exp., e52838.","DOI":"10.3791\/52838"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, Y., Li, Q., Pan, C.S., Yan, L., Sun, K., Wang, X.Y., Yao, S.Q., Fan, J.Y., and Han, J.Y. (2021). QiShenYiQi Inhibits Tissue Plasminogen Activator-Induced Brain Edema and Hemorrhage after Ischemic Stroke in Mice. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.759027"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, Z., Guo, Q., Wang, Z., Wu, X., Hu, W., Li, J., Li, H., Zhu, S., Zhang, H., and Chen, Z. (2023). Andrographolide suppresses hypoxia-induced embryonic hyaloid vascular system development through HIF-1a\/VEGFR2 signaling pathway. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1090938"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2022.175474","article-title":"Andrographolide inhibits murine embryonic neuronal development through PFKFB3-mediated glycolytic pathway","volume":"940","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4166","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7878","article-title":"L-borneol promotes neurovascular unit protection in the subacute phase of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion rats: P38-MAPK pathway activation, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effect","volume":"37","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2024.114678","article-title":"Muscone alleviates neuronal injury via increasing stress granules formation and reducing apoptosis in acute ischemic stroke","volume":"373","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jcbfm.9600034","article-title":"Atorvastatin induction of VEGF and BDNF promotes brain plasticity after stroke in mice","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/scrt519","article-title":"Human neural stem cells rapidly ameliorate symptomatic inflammation in early-stage ischemic-reperfusion cerebral injury","volume":"5","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.004111","article-title":"Mannose-binding lectin promotes local microvascular thrombosis after transient brain ischemia in mice","volume":"45","author":"Cervera","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-021-00239-0","article-title":"Acrolein scavenger dimercaprol offers neuroprotection in an animal model of Parkinson\u2019s disease: Implication of acrolein and TRPA1","volume":"10","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.12029","article-title":"Effects of serum reduction and VEGF supplementation on angiogenic potential of human adipose stromal cells in vitro","volume":"46","author":"Chua","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Prolif."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2013.11.004","article-title":"Vascular remodeling after ischemic stroke: Mechanisms and therapeutic potentials","volume":"115","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5289","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25590-8","article-title":"Capillary-associated microglia regulate vascular structure and function through PANX1-P2RY12 coupling in mice","volume":"12","author":"Bisht","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1002\/path.5339","article-title":"IL-10 from plasmacytoid dendritic cells promotes angiogenesis in the early stage of endometriosis","volume":"249","author":"Suen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22298","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201901024RR","article-title":"IL-10 promotes endothelial progenitor cell infiltration and wound healing via STAT3","volume":"36","author":"Short","year":"2022","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1097\/01.WCB.0000041283.53351.CB","article-title":"Temporal profile of angiogenesis and expression of related genes in the brain after ischemia","volume":"23","author":"Hayashi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2015.01.014","article-title":"Andrographolide ameliorates diabetic retinopathy by inhibiting retinal angiogenesis and inflammation","volume":"1850","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Gen. Subj."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6168340","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6168340","article-title":"Andrographolide Protects against HG-Induced Inflammation, Apoptosis, Migration, and Impairment of Angiogenesis via PI3K\/AKT-eNOS Signalling in HUVECs","volume":"2019","author":"Duan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Wu, X., Li, J., Guo, Q., Jin, Z., Li, H., Liang, B., Hu, W., Xu, H., and Shi, L. (2023). Potassium Dehydroandrograpolide Succinate Targets NRP1 Mediated VEGFR2\/VE-Cadherin Signaling Pathway to Promote Endothelial Barrier Repair. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043096"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-018-0926-9","article-title":"Andrographolide inhibits breast cancer through suppressing COX-2 expression and angiogenesis via inactivation of p300 signaling and VEGF pathway","volume":"37","author":"Peng","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2007.89","article-title":"Andrographolide inhibits NF-\u03baB activation and attenuates neointimal hyperplasia in arterial restenosis","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.19194","article-title":"Andrographolide Inhibits Angiogenesis by Inhibiting the Mir-21-5p\/TIMP3 Signaling Pathway","volume":"13","author":"Dai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-12-257832","article-title":"Tissue macrophages act as cellular chaperones for vascular anastomosis downstream of VEGF-mediated endothelial tip cell induction","volume":"116","author":"Fantin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1136(199812)24:4<390::AID-GLIA4>3.0.CO;2-1","article-title":"Basic FGF and FGF receptor 1 are expressed in microglia during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: Temporally distinct expression of midkine and pleiotrophin","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1136(199912)28:3<183::AID-GLIA2>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"Chemokine modulation of matrix metalloproteinase and TIMP production in adult rat brain microglia and a human microglial cell line in vitro","volume":"28","author":"Cross","year":"1999","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-024-01550-9","article-title":"CD146+CAFs promote progression of endometrial cancer by inducing angiogenesis and vasculogenic mimicry via IL-10\/JAK1\/STAT3 pathway","volume":"22","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2939","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47317-1","article-title":"Senescent-like macrophages mediate angiogenesis for endplate sclerosis via IL-10 secretion in male mice","volume":"15","author":"Fan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.111.248369","article-title":"Interleukin-10 deficiency impairs bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cell survival and function in ischemic myocardium","volume":"109","author":"Krishnamurthy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.87.6.448","article-title":"Antiangiogenic effect of interleukin-10 in ischemia-induced angiogenesis in mice hindlimb","volume":"87","author":"Silvestre","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"695","article-title":"Modulatory role of IL10 in endothelial cell damage and platelet adhesion","volume":"18","author":"Gimeno","year":"2003","journal-title":"Histol. Histopathol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atri, C., Guerfali, F.Z., and Laouini, D. (2018). Role of Human Macrophage Polarization in Inflammation during Infectious Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19061801"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-017-0622-5","article-title":"IL-10 improves cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction by stimulating M2 macrophage polarization and fibroblast activation","volume":"112","author":"Jung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Basic Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.035047","article-title":"IL (Interleukin)-10-STAT3-Galectin-3 Axis Is Essential for Osteopontin-Producing Reparative Macrophage Polarization After Myocardial Infarction","volume":"138","author":"Shirakawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.4103\/NRR.NRR-D-23-01385","article-title":"T cell interactions with microglia in immune-inflammatory processes of ischemic stroke","volume":"20","author":"Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2016.87","article-title":"Claesson-Welsh L: Mechanisms and regulation of endothelial VEGF receptor signalling","volume":"17","author":"Simons","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5014","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e07-01-0004","article-title":"Transactivation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 by Interleukin-8 (IL-8\/CXCL8) Is Required for IL-8\/CXCL8-induced Endothelial Permeability","volume":"18","author":"Petreaca","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-021-00822-7","article-title":"Cysteine oxidation of copper transporter CTR1 drives VEGFR2 signalling and angiogenesis","volume":"24","author":"Das","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6535","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc8433","article-title":"Structure-based decoupling of the pro- and anti-inflammatory functions of interleukin-10","volume":"371","author":"Saxton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1195-4","article-title":"RNA sequencing analysis reveals quiescent microglia isolation methods from postnatal mouse brains and limitations of BV2 cells","volume":"15","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0644-1","article-title":"Transcriptome sequencing reveals that LPS-triggered transcriptional responses in established microglia BV2 cell lines are poorly representative of primary microglia","volume":"13","author":"Das","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."}],"container-title":["Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/15\/19\/1715\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T04:18:02Z","timestamp":1790655482000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/15\/19\/1715"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["biology15191715"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology15191715","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-7737"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-7737","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]]}}}