{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T08:44:24Z","timestamp":1791967464508,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP24KK0133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP24KK0133"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP23KF0178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23KF0178"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP25K02166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP25K02166"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: We revised the taxonomy and identification of the species of the genus Bothriocroton in light of entire mitochondrial genomes and nuclear rRNA genes, scanning electron microscopy, and light microscopy. Methods: (i) phylogenetic trees inferred from entire mitochondrial genomes and nuclear rRNA genes, (ii) species delimitation analyses (ABGD and bPTP), and (iii) the study of morphology by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy. Results: The most complete picture of the Bothriocroton ticks so far. Thirty-five new mitochondrial genomes and 27 partial 18S\u201328S rDNA sequences were generated. Phylogenetic analyses recovered seven well-supported clades corresponding to species-level lineages. Intraspecific genetic divergence ranged from 0.14 to 1.16%, whereas interspecific divergence ranged from 4.94 to 21.75%. Three new species were described, and the morphological diagnosis of other species was improved by redescribing two other species. In addition, we updated and improved the morphological dichotomous keys to male and female ticks. Conclusions and prospects: The routine genotyping of Bothriocroton ticks to identify species and to confirm provisional identifications of species from their morphology is an alternative to the morphological identification of closely related Bothriocroton ticks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology15191733","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T18:43:24Z","timestamp":1790880204000},"page":"1733","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["How Phylogenies Inferred from 46 Mitochondrial Genomes Informed the Systematics of the Australasian Genus of Ticks, Bothriocroton, with the Description of Three New Species"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0096-4796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Kelava","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingeun","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2417-4398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Finlay G.","family":"Mills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dayana","family":"Barker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yurie","family":"Taya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Risk Analysis and Management, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5039-6117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander W.","family":"Gofton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iffy","family":"Glendinning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amber","family":"Gillett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australia Zoo Wildlife Hospital (AZWH), Beerwah, QLD 4519, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peggy","family":"Rismiller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pelican Lagoon Research & Wildlife Centre, Penneshaw, SA 5222, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukari","family":"Horio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aiko","family":"Ohnuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical Office, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernest J. M.","family":"Teo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Parasitology, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3105-7603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryo","family":"Nakao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan"},{"name":"Division of Parasitology, Veterinary Research Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan"},{"name":"One Health Research Centre, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9431-8404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen C.","family":"Barker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.3816.1.1","article-title":"Ticks of Australia. 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