{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T19:54:09Z","timestamp":1790884449775,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is an N-containing gasotransmitter with a regulatory function in plants and animals. Despite its toxicity, HCN acts as a signalling molecule in plants, influencing development, pathogen defence, and stress responses, with particular emphasis on biotic stress and seed dormancy\/germination. Around 3000 species across &gt; 130 families produce HCN from cyanogenic compounds. This study investigated how nitric oxide (NO) and HCN impact the activity of enzymes involved in HCN metabolism during dormancy breakage of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) embryos. Based on earlier findings that HCN exposure elevates NO emission and alters the phytoglobin\u2013NO cycle, we examined whether NO affects HCN metabolism. We measured the activities of \u03b2-glucosidases, \u03b2-cyanoalanine synthase (\u03b2-CAS), and sulfurtransferases (STRs) (HCN-detoxifying enzymes), and the transcript levels of their corresponding gene homologues. Both NO and HCN stimulated \u03b2-glucosidase activity and enhanced \u03b2-CAS and STR activities. Although both N-containing gasotransmitters increased \u03b2-CAS transcripts, they differentially implicated transcript levels of STR homologues. Additionally, only HCN increased the transcript levels of mitochondrial cysteine synthase (OASTL-C). These results, together with our previous work, potentially link NO and HCN in the metabolic network during dormancy breakage of apple embryos.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology15191736","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T18:43:24Z","timestamp":1790880204000},"page":"1736","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cyanide Metabolism in Apple Embryos During Dormancy Breakage Is Modulated by NO or HCN Application"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9655-3326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej Arkadiusz","family":"Piekarniak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1485-2901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Ciacka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0077-3743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Gniazdowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8373-4509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Urszula","family":"Krasuska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2026.05.001","article-title":"Gasotransmitters (NO and HCN) Alter Phytoglobin-NO Cycle during Dormancy Alleviation of Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) Embryos","volume":"163","author":"Piekarniak","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide\u2014Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-025-04848-1","article-title":"Hydrogen Cyanide Acts as a Regulator of Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolism","volume":"262","author":"Piekarniak","year":"2025","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-023-09904-w","article-title":"Hormetic Action of Cyanide: Plant Gasotransmitter and Poison","volume":"23","author":"Krasuska","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-025-01225-w","article-title":"Regulation of Mammalian Cellular Metabolism by Endogenous Cyanide Production","volume":"7","author":"Zuhra","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2481","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.16135","article-title":"The Two Faces of Cyanide: An Environmental Toxin and a Potential Novel Mammalian Gasotransmitter","volume":"289","author":"Zuhra","year":"2022","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1152","article-title":"Nitrogen Supply and Cyanide Concentration Influence the Enrichment of Nitrogen from Cyanide in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.)","volume":"33","author":"Ebbs","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant. Cell Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-arplant-050213-040027","article-title":"Cyanogenic Glycosides: Synthesis, Physiology, and Phenotypic Plasticity","volume":"65","author":"Gleadow","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2020.112645","article-title":"Variation in Production of Cyanogenic Glucosides during Early Plant Development: A Comparison of Wild and Domesticated Sorghum","volume":"184","author":"Cowan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cowan, M., M\u00f8ller, B.L., Norton, S., Knudsen, C., Crocoll, C., Furtado, A., Henry, R., Blomstedt, C., and Gleadow, R.M. (2022). Cyanogenesis in the Sorghum Genus: From Genotype to Phenotype. Genes, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13010140"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boter, M., and Diaz, I. (2023). Cyanogenesis, a Plant Defence Strategy against Herbivores. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24086982"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02706632","article-title":"Cyanide Action in Plants\u2014From Toxic to Regulatory","volume":"28","author":"Bogatek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/ern089","article-title":"Release of Sunflower Seed Dormancy by Cyanide: Cross-Talk with Ethylene Signalling Pathway","volume":"59","author":"Oracz","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/s11738-011-0868-8","article-title":"Nitric Oxide and Hydrogen Cyanide as Regulating Factors of Enzymatic Antioxidant System in Germinating Apple Embryos","volume":"34","author":"Krasuska","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3054.1991.tb01277.x","article-title":"Endogenous Evolution of HCN during Pre-germination Periods in Many Seed Species","volume":"83","author":"Esashi","year":"1991","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.18.01214","article-title":"Setting and Diffusing the Cyanide Bomb in Plant Defense","volume":"178","author":"Yeats","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3059","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.81.10.3059","article-title":"Formation of Cyanide from Carbon 1 of 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylic Acid during Its Conversion to Ethylene","volume":"81","author":"Peiser","year":"1984","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.109.066670","article-title":"The Multifunctional Enzyme CYP71B15 (PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT3) Converts Cysteine-Indole-3-Acetonitrile to Camalexin in the Indole-3-Acetonitrile Metabolic Network of Arabidopsis thaliana","volume":"21","author":"Westphal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00392769","article-title":"Cyanide Formation from Glyoxylate and Hydroxylamine Catalysed by Extracts of Higher-Plant Leaves","volume":"156","author":"Hucklesby","year":"1982","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Vennesland, B., Conn, E.E., Knowles, C.J., Westley, J., and Wissing, F. (1981). Cyanide as a Metabolic Inhibitor. Cyanide in Biology, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Everett, D., and Harnett, S. (1988). Localization and Catabolism of Cyanogenic Glucosides. Cyanide Compounds in Biology, Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2244","DOI":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiac170","article-title":"Hydroxynitrile Lyase Defends Arabidopsis against Tetranychus urticae","volume":"189","author":"Arnaiz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pir\u0161elov\u00e1, B., and Jakub\u010dinov\u00e1, J. (2025). Plant Cyanogenic Glycosides: From Structure to Properties and Potential Applications. Front. Plant Sci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2025.1612132"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3268","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.110.076828","article-title":"Mitochondrial \u03b2-Cyanoalanine Synthase Is Essential for Root Hair Formation in Arabidopsis thaliana","volume":"22","author":"Castellano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2019.05.022","article-title":"Cyanogenic Glycosides and Phenolics in Apple Seeds and Their Changes during Long Term Storage","volume":"255","author":"Senica","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11738-010-0524-8","article-title":"Metabolic Control of Embryonic Dormancy in Apple Seed: Seven Decades of Research","volume":"33","author":"Lewak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2008.03.006","article-title":"Beta-Glucosidases as Detonators of Plant Chemical Defense","volume":"69","author":"Morant","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2003.10.016","article-title":"Cyanogenic Glucosides and Plant-Insect Interactions","volume":"65","author":"Zagrobelny","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.65.6.1199","article-title":"Metabolism of Hydrogen Cyanide by Higher Plants","volume":"65","author":"Miller","year":"1980","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.94.2.401","article-title":"Cyanogenesis in Plants","volume":"94","author":"Poulton","year":"1990","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"338","article-title":"Functional Diversifications of Cyanogenic Glucosides","volume":"13","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.17221\/573\/2020-PSE","article-title":"Cyanogenic Glycosides Can Function as Nitrogen Reservoir for Flax Plants Cultured under N-Deficient Conditions","volume":"67","author":"Staszak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plant Soil Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6040","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erad317","article-title":"Old Poisons, New Signaling Molecules: The Case of Hydrogen Cyanide","volume":"74","author":"Romero","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-arplant-042110-103921","article-title":"Sulfur Assimilation in Photosynthetic Organisms: Molecular Functions and Regulations of Transporters and Assimilatory Enzymes","volume":"62","author":"Takahashi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1023\/B:PRES.0000017196.95499.11","article-title":"Sulfur Assimilation and the Role of Sulfur in Plant Metabolism: A Survey","volume":"79","author":"Droux","year":"2004","journal-title":"Photosynth. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2007.10.004","article-title":"The Functions of NifS-like Proteins in Plant Sulfur and Selenium Metabolism","volume":"174","author":"Pilon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.arplant.49.1.249","article-title":"ASCORBATE AND GLUTATHIONE: Keeping Active Oxygen Under Control","volume":"49","author":"Noctor","year":"1998","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2025.104213","article-title":"Exogenous Cysteine and Hydrogen Sulfide Stimulate Cyanide Assimilation in Rice Plants through Different Assimilation Strategies","volume":"38","author":"Kang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Innov."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38803","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M505313200","article-title":"Molecular Basis of Cysteine Biosynthesis in Plants: Structural and Functional Analysis of O-Acetylserine Sulfhydrylase from Arabidopsis Thaliana","volume":"280","author":"Bonner","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbi.2013.02.011","article-title":"The Cysteine Regulatory Complex from Plants and Microbes: What Was Old Is New Again","volume":"23","author":"Jez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcl006","article-title":"Regulation of Sulfate Assimilation in Arabidopsis and Beyond","volume":"97","author":"Kopriva","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1093\/pcp\/41.4.465","article-title":"Three Arabidopsis Genes Encoding Proteins with Differential Activities for Cysteine Synthase and Beta-Cyanoalanine Synthase","volume":"41","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Plant Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.107.056747","article-title":"Analysis of the Arabidopsis O-Acetylserine(Thiol)Lyase Gene Family Demonstrates Compartment-Specific Differences in the Regulation of Cysteine Synthesis","volume":"20","author":"Heeg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1093\/mp\/sst168","article-title":"Cysteine and Cysteine-Related Signaling Pathways in Arabidopsis Thaliana","volume":"7","author":"Romero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.109.071985","article-title":"Arabidopsis S-Sulfocysteine Synthase Activity Is Essential for Chloroplast Function and Long-Day Light-Dependent Redox Control","volume":"22","author":"Gotor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2329","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.12755","article-title":"The \u03b2-Cyanoalanine Synthase Pathway: Beyond Cyanide Detoxification","volume":"39","author":"Machingura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plant. Cell Environ."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.15870","article-title":"Novel Insights into the Diversity of the Sulfurtransferase Family in Photosynthetic Organisms with Emphasis on Oak","volume":"226","author":"Moseler","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(00)01311-9","article-title":"Evidence for the Existence of Rhodanese (Thiosulfate:Cyanide Sulfurtransferase) in Plants: Preliminary Characterization of Two Rhodanese CDNAs from Arabidopsis thaliana","volume":"470","author":"Hatzfeld","year":"2000","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.2174\/187152008786847756","article-title":"Cell Cycle Control by the CDC25 Phosphatases","volume":"8","author":"Aressy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anticancer. Agents Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(02)03723-7","article-title":"Identification and Characterization of Single-Domain Thiosulfate Sulfurtransferases from Arabidopsis Thaliana","volume":"532","author":"Bauer","year":"2002","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-010-0478-6","article-title":"Latest News about the Sulfurtransferase Protein Family of Higher Plants","volume":"41","author":"Papenbrock","year":"2011","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2007.02.005","article-title":"Differential Expression of Arabidopsis Sulfurtransferases under Various Growth Conditions","volume":"45","author":"Bartels","year":"2007","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem. PPB"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"2639","article-title":"Cyanide Metabolism","volume":"41","author":"Vennesland","year":"1982","journal-title":"Fed. Proc."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.172.1.350-360.1990","article-title":"Disruption of a Rhodaneselike Gene Results in Cysteine Auxotrophy in Saccharopolyspora Erythraea","volume":"172","author":"Donadio","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1977.tb11219.x","article-title":"Rhodanese-Mediated Sulfur Transfer to Succinate Dehydrogenase","volume":"72","author":"Bonomi","year":"1977","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2014.04.015","article-title":"Dormancy Alleviation by NO or HCN Leading to Decline of Protein Carbonylation Levels in Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) Embryos","volume":"171","author":"Krasuska","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2024.154407","article-title":"Stratification of Apple Seeds in the Context of ROS Metabolism","volume":"304","author":"Ciacka","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"687","article-title":"Hydrogen Cyanide and Cyanogenic Compounds in Seeds. III Degradation of Cyanogenic Glucosides during Apple Seed Stratification","volume":"17","author":"Dziewanowska","year":"1979","journal-title":"Physiol. Veg."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0176-1617(89)80222-6","article-title":"Degradation of Protein and Lipid Bodies during Dormancy Removal in Apple Seeds","volume":"135","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3054.1991.tb00114.x","article-title":"Hydrogen Cyanide and Embryonal Dormancy in Apple Seeds","volume":"83","author":"Bogatek","year":"1991","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2012.11.018","article-title":"Dormancy Removal of Apple Seeds by Cold Stratification Is Associated with Fluctuation in H2O2, NO Production and Protein Carbonylation Level","volume":"170","author":"Krasuska","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-010-1214-x","article-title":"The Beneficial Effect of Small Toxic Molecules on Dormancy Alleviation and Germination of Apple Embryos Is Due to NO Formation","volume":"232","author":"Gniazdowska","year":"2010","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-004-1282-x","article-title":"Dormancy of Arabidopsis Seeds and Barley Grains Can Be Broken by Nitric Oxide","volume":"219","author":"Bethke","year":"2004","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2016.07.016","article-title":"Short versus Long Term Effects of Cyanide on Sugar Metabolism and Transport in Dormant Walnut Kernels","volume":"252","author":"Gerivani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, L.-L., Liu, C.-J., Peng, Y., He, Z.-Q., and Xu, F. (2022). New Insights into the Role of Cyanide in the Promotion of Seed Germination in Tomato. BMC Plant Biol., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-021-03405-8"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.109.138107","article-title":"The Mechanisms Involved in Seed Dormancy Alleviation by Hydrogen Cyanide Unravel the Role of Reactive Oxygen Species as Key Factors of Cellular Signaling during Germination","volume":"150","author":"Oracz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3","article-title":"A Rapid and Sensitive Method for the Quantitation of Microgram Quantities of Protein Utilizing the Principle of Protein-Dye Binding","volume":"72","author":"Bradford","year":"1976","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9422(91)83702-M","article-title":"Purification and Partial Characterization of \u03b2-Glucosidase from Grape","volume":"30","author":"Lecas","year":"1991","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5302","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)91950-2","article-title":"Cyanide Metabolism in Higher Plants","volume":"243","author":"Blumenthal","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Colowick, S., and Kaplan, N. (1955). Rhodanese. Methods in Enzymology, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-1327.2000.00980.x","article-title":"Characterization of a Sulfurtransferase from Arabidopsis Thaliana","volume":"267","author":"Papenbrock","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkp045","article-title":"Amplification Efficiency: Linking Baseline and Bias in the Analysis of Quantitative PCR Data","volume":"37","author":"Ruijter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"research0034.1","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2002-3-7-research0034","article-title":"Accurate Normalization of Real-Time Quantitative RT-PCR Data by Geometric Averaging of Multiple Internal Control Genes","volume":"3","author":"Vandesompele","year":"2002","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molp.2021.12.012","article-title":"Nitric Oxide Regulation of Plant Metabolism","volume":"15","author":"Gupta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2019.09.006","article-title":"A Forty Year Journey: The Generation and Roles of NO in Plants","volume":"93","author":"Kolbert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15193","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms131115193","article-title":"Nitric Oxide-Dependent Posttranslational Modification in Plants: An Update","volume":"13","author":"Astier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13454","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.231178298","article-title":"Signal Interactions between Nitric Oxide and Reactive Oxygen Intermediates in the Plant Hypersensitive Disease Resistance Response","volume":"98","author":"Delledonne","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2015.08.007","article-title":"H2S: A Novel Gasotransmitter That Signals by Sulfhydration","volume":"40","author":"Paul","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aroca, A., Gotor, C., and Romero, L.C. (2018). Hydrogen Sulfide Signaling in Plants: Emerging Roles of Protein Persulfidation. Front. Plant Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2018.01369"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.18.01083","article-title":"HCN Regulates Cellular Processes through Posttranslational Modification of Proteins by S-Cyanylation","volume":"179","author":"Moreno","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(08)36001-7","article-title":"Chemistry of Nitric Oxide and Related Species","volume":"Volume 436","author":"Poole","year":"2008","journal-title":"Methods in Enzymology"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.113.219436","article-title":"Transient Transcriptional Regulation of the CYS-C1 Gene and Cyanide Accumulation upon Pathogen Infection in the Plant Immune Response","volume":"162","author":"Rosas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1119(00)00261-4","article-title":"Genomic and Functional Characterization of the Oas Gene Family Encoding O-Acetylserine (Thiol) Lyases, Enzymes Catalyzing the Final Step in Cysteine Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis Thaliana","volume":"253","author":"Jost","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.123.3.1163","article-title":"Beta-Cyanoalanine Synthase Is a Mitochondrial Cysteine Synthase-like Protein in Spinach and Arabidopsis","volume":"123","author":"Hatzfeld","year":"2000","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2484","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.108.060335","article-title":"Comparative Genomics and Reverse Genetics Analysis Reveal Indispensable Functions of the Serine Acetyltransferase Gene Family in Arabidopsis","volume":"20","author":"Watanabe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2020.03.011","article-title":"H2S Signaling in Plants and Applications in Agriculture","volume":"24","author":"Corpas","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s10863-008-9166-6","article-title":"The Inhibition of Mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase by the Gases Carbon Monoxide, Nitric Oxide, Hydrogen Cyanide and Hydrogen Sulfide: Chemical Mechanism and Physiological Significance","volume":"40","author":"Cooper","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Bioenerg. Biomembr."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1093\/mp\/sss043","article-title":"Mitochondrial Sulfide Detoxification Requires a Functional Isoform O-Acetylserine(Thiol)Lyase C in Arabidopsis Thaliana","volume":"5","author":"Romero","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3678","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/eraa113","article-title":"OASTL-A1 Functions as a Cytosolic Cysteine Synthase and Affects Arsenic Tolerance in Rice","volume":"71","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.108.117408","article-title":"Knocking out Cytosolic Cysteine Synthesis Compromises the Antioxidant Capacity of the Cytosol to Maintain Discrete Concentrations of Hydrogen Peroxide in Arabidopsis","volume":"147","author":"Becana","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2022.153736","article-title":"Cold Stratification-Induced Dormancy Removal in Apple (Malus Domestica Borkh.) Seeds Is Accompanied by an Increased Glutathione Pool in Embryonic Axes","volume":"274","author":"Ciacka","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2365","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9422(73)80440-6","article-title":"Rhodanese in Higher Plants","volume":"12","author":"Chew","year":"1973","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9422(92)83095-G","article-title":"Is There Rhodanese Activity in Plants?","volume":"31","author":"Kakes","year":"1992","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9422(93)85273-T","article-title":"Diurnal Variation of Cyanogenic Glucosides, Thiocyanate and Rhodanese in Cassava","volume":"33","author":"Okolie","year":"1993","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"1277","article-title":"Mercaptopyruvate Sulfurtransferase as a Defense against Cyanide Toxication: Molecular Properties and Mode of Detoxification","volume":"14","author":"Nagahara","year":"1999","journal-title":"Histol. Histopathol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2751","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.173.9.2751-2760.1991","article-title":"Isolation and Characterization of a Sulfur-Regulated Gene Encoding a Periplasmically Localized Protein with Sequence Similarity to Rhodanese","volume":"173","author":"Laudenbach","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1984.tb08295.x","article-title":"Enzymic Synthesis of the Iron-Sulfur Cluster of Spinach Ferredoxin","volume":"142","author":"Pagani","year":"1984","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"266","article-title":"Molecular Cloning, Characterization and Mapping of a Rhodanese like Gene in Wheat","volume":"29","author":"Niu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Yi Chuan Xue Bao"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023926225931","article-title":"Gene Expression in Cadmium-Tolerant Datura Innoxia: Detection and Characterization of CDNAs Induced in Response to Cd2+","volume":"52","author":"Louie","year":"2003","journal-title":"Plant Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.104.040121","article-title":"Intracellular Localization of Arabidopsis Sulfurtransferases","volume":"135","author":"Bauer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-002-0964-5","article-title":"Arabidopsis Sulfurtransferases: Investigation of Their Function during Senescence and in Cyanide Detoxification","volume":"217","author":"Meyer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7548","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.182865","article-title":"Sulfurtransferases 1 and 2 Play Essential Roles in Embryo and Seed Development in Arabidopsis Thaliana","volume":"286","author":"Mao","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-010-1262-2","article-title":"Dormancy Removal in Apple Embryos by Nitric Oxide or Cyanide Involves Modifications in Ethylene Biosynthetic Pathway","volume":"232","author":"Gniazdowska","year":"2010","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1093\/mp\/sst129","article-title":"Arabidopsis Tic62 Trol Mutant Lacking Thylakoid-Bound Ferredoxin-NADP+ Oxidoreductase Shows Distinct Metabolic Phenotype","volume":"7","author":"Lintala","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.1998.1998","article-title":"V A Model of Cdc25 Phosphatase Catalytic Domain and Cdk-Interaction Surface Based on the Presence of a Rhodanese Homology Domain","volume":"282","author":"Hofmann","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_105","unstructured":"(2026, May 05). The Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR). Available online: https:\/\/www.arabidopsis.org\/."}],"container-title":["Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/15\/19\/1736\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T18:56:26Z","timestamp":1790880986000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/15\/19\/1736"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"references-count":105,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["biology15191736"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology15191736","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-7737"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-7737","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]}}}