{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:58:24Z","timestamp":1792789104018,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fujian Provincial Natural Science Foundation","award":["2023J011072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023J011072"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04aqat463","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Fujian Provincial Natural Science Foundation","award":["2023J011073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023J011073"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04aqat463","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Public Welfare Project of Fujian Provincial Department of Science and Technology","award":["2025R1034004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025R1034004"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00rgzpv08","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["2025R1034004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025R1034004"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00rgzpv08","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ningde Normal University Marine Aquaculture Organism Breeding and Green Aquaculture Equipment Innovation Team Project","award":["2026T01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026T01"]}]},{"award":["2026T01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026T01"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01p996c64","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Phascolosoma esculenta is a valuable marine seafood, which suffers quality and flavor deterioration with the extension of frozen storage time. To reveal the degradation mechanism, physicochemical properties, microbiota, metabolites, and volatiles were investigated in P. esculenta muscle during frozen storage (\u221220 \u00b0C). Water-holding capacity (WHC) decreased to 77.87%, while the content of total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARSs) increased to 18.85 mg\/100 g and 1.18 mg MDA\/kg, respectively. Long-term frozen storage reduced microbial diversity. Macrococcus and Nitrospira became the predominant genera after 360 days of frozen storage, and their predominance was associated with muscle flavor deterioration. Untargeted metabolomics identified 4299 metabolites. Differential metabolites were mainly involved in purine, nucleotide, arachidonic acid, and amino acid metabolism. Volatile profiles were markedly altered during frozen storage. Freshness-related aldehydes decreased markedly, whereas off-flavor alcohols (e.g., 1-octen-3-ol) and sulfur-containing volatiles (e.g., dimethyl trisulfide) continuously accumulated. Pearson correlation analysis showed that physicochemical spoilage indicators, cold-adapted microorganisms, and differential lipid metabolites were closely associated with the generation of undesirable off-odors. This study reveals the interactive effects of protein degradation, lipid oxidation, and microbial succession during frozen storage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology15191789","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T15:16:52Z","timestamp":1791472612000},"page":"1789","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Changes in Physicochemical Properties, Volatile Flavor Compounds and Microbiota in Phascolosoma esculenta Muscle During Frozen Storage at \u221220 \u00b0C"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Binxin","family":"Cai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Marine Sciences, Ningde Normal University, Ningde 352100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Fengfang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biological Science and Engineering, Ningde Normal University, Ningde 352100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3444-3120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qi","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Marine Sciences, Ningde Normal University, Ningde 352100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Ding","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Marine Sciences, Ningde Normal University, Ningde 352100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Weiqing","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Marine Sciences, Ningde Normal University, Ningde 352100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1080\/23802359.2018.1547169","article-title":"The complete mitochondrial genome of Chinese endemic specie Phascolosoma esculenta (Sipuncula, Phascolosomatidae) from Beibu Bay","volume":"4","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mitochondrial DNA Part B"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70217","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.70217","article-title":"Bioactive ingredients, functions, and development strategies of Phascolosoma esculenta\u2014An edible marine organism: A Review","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Sci. 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