{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T01:54:42Z","timestamp":1774922082065,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,31]],"date-time":"2019-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577750400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Science and Technology of Hochiminh City, Vietnam","award":["312\/2013\/HD-SKHCN"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["312\/2013\/HD-SKHCN"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Paphiopedilum is among the most popular ornamental orchid genera due to its unique slipper flowers and attractive leaf coloration. Most of the Paphiopedilum species are in critical danger due to over-exploitation. They were listed in Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, which prevents their being traded across borders. While most Paphiopedilum species are distinctive, owing to their respective flowers, their vegetative features are more similar and undistinguished. Hence, the conservation of these species is challenging, as most traded specimins are immature and non-flowered. An urgent need exists for effective identification methods to prevent further illegal trading of Paphiopedilum species. DNA barcoding is a rapid and sensitive method for species identification, at any developmental stage, using short DNA sequences. In this study, eight loci, i.e., ITS, LEAFY, ACO, matK, trnL, rpoB, rpoC1, and trnH-psbA, were screened for potential barcode sequences on the Vietnamese Paphiopedilum species. In total, 17 out of 22 Paphiopedilum species were well identified. The studied DNA sequences were deposited to GenBank, in which Paphiopedilum dalatense accessions were introduced for the first time. ACO, LEAFY, and trnH-psbA were limited in amplification rate for Paphiopedilum. ITS was the best single barcode. Single ITS could be used along with nucleotide polymorphism characteristics for species discrimination. The combination of ITS + matK was the most efficient identification barcode for Vietnamese Paphiopedilum species. This barcode also succeeded in recognizing misidentified or wrongly-named traded samples. Different bioinformatics programs and algorithms for establishing phylogenetic trees were also compared in the study to propose quick, simple, and effective tools for practical use. It was proved that both the Bayesian Inference method in the MRBAYES program and the neighbor-joining method in the MEGA software met the criteria. Our study provides a barcoding database of Vietnamese Paphiopedilum which may significantly contribute to the control and conservation of these valuable species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology9010009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,31]],"date-time":"2019-12-31T07:40:55Z","timestamp":1577778055000},"page":"9","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Genetic Diversity and Identification of Vietnamese Paphiopedilum Species Using DNA Sequences"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Huyen-Trang","family":"Vu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biotechnology, Nguyen-Tat-Thanh University, 298A-300A Nguyen-Tat-Thanh Street, District 04, Hochiminh City 700000, Vietnam"},{"name":"Faculty of Biotechnology, International University\u2014Vietnam National University, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Hochiminh City 700000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Quoc-Luan","family":"Vu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tay Nguyen Institute for Scientific Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 116 Xo Viet Nghe Tinh, Ward 7, Da Lat City, Lam Dong province 66000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thanh-Diem","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biotechnology, Nguyen-Tat-Thanh University, 298A-300A Nguyen-Tat-Thanh Street, District 04, Hochiminh City 700000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6889-9142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ngan","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biotechnology, International University\u2014Vietnam National University, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Hochiminh City 700000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thanh-Cong","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biotechnology, Nguyen-Tat-Thanh University, 298A-300A Nguyen-Tat-Thanh Street, District 04, Hochiminh City 700000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Phuong-Nam","family":"Luu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biotechnology, Nguyen-Tat-Thanh University, 298A-300A Nguyen-Tat-Thanh Street, District 04, Hochiminh City 700000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Duy-Duong","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Genetics Institute, Pham Van Dong Street, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Truong-Khoa","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Genetics Institute, Pham Van Dong Street, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ly","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biotechnology, International University\u2014Vietnam National University, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Hochiminh City 700000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Averyanov, L., Cribb, P., Phan, K.L., and Nguyen, T.H. 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