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The prolactin receptor (PRLR) and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) proteins are frequently detected in ovarian tumor tissue specimens, but the potential impact of HCMV infection on the PRL system have so far not been investigated. In this study, HCMV\u2019s effects on PRL and PRLR expression were assessed in infected ovarian cancer cells (SKOV3) by PCR and Western blot techniques. The levels of both PRL and PRLR transcripts as well as the corresponding proteins were highly increased in HCMV-infected SKOV3 cells. Tissue specimens obtained from 10 patients with ovarian cancer demonstrated high expression of PRLR, HCMV-IE, and pp65 proteins. Extensive expression of PRLR was detected in all examined ovarian tumor tissue specimens except for one from a patient who had focal expression of PRLR and this patient was HCMV-negative in her tumor. In conclusion, PRL and PRLR were induced to high levels in HCMV-infected ovarian cancer cells and PRLR expression was extensively detected in HCMV-infected ovarian tissue specimens. Highly induced PRL and PRLR by HCMV infection may be of relevance for the oncomodulatory role of this virus in ovarian cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology9030044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,28]],"date-time":"2020-02-28T09:30:36Z","timestamp":1582882236000},"page":"44","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Human Cytomegalovirus Infection Induces High Expression of Prolactin and Prolactin Receptors in Ovarian Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1158-2512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Afsar","family":"Rahbar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Solna, Division of Microbial Pathogenesis, BioClinicum, Karolinska Institutet, 171 64 Solna, Sweden"},{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amira","family":"AlKharusi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 135, Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Solna, Division of Microbial Pathogenesis, BioClinicum, Karolinska Institutet, 171 64 Solna, Sweden"},{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2706-4683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mattia Russel","family":"Pantalone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Solna, Division of Microbial Pathogenesis, BioClinicum, Karolinska Institutet, 171 64 Solna, Sweden"},{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ourania N.","family":"Kostopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Solna, Division of Microbial Pathogenesis, BioClinicum, Karolinska Institutet, 171 64 Solna, Sweden"},{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huanhuan L.","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Solna, Division of Microbial Pathogenesis, BioClinicum, Karolinska Institutet, 171 64 Solna, Sweden"},{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Carlsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pathology and Cytology, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Oncology and Pathology, BioClinicum, Karolinska Institutet, 171 64 Solna, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1068-9732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelique Fl\u00f6ter","family":"R\u00e5destad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"S\u00f6derberg-Naucler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Solna, Division of Microbial Pathogenesis, BioClinicum, Karolinska Institutet, 171 64 Solna, Sweden"},{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7759-3241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gunnar","family":"Norstedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 135, Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2893","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.25516","article-title":"Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008, GLOBOCAN 2008","volume":"127","author":"Ferlay","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. 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