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In addition, accumulating evidence indicates that tumor cells can eject anti-cancer drugs such as chemotherapeutics and targeted drugs within EVs, a novel mechanism of drug resistance. The EV-releasing drug resistance phenotype is often coupled with cellular dedifferentiation and transformation in cells undergoing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and the adoption of a cancer stem cell phenotype. The release of EVs is also involved in immunosuppression. Herein, we address different aspects by which EVs modulate the tumor microenvironment to become resistant to anticancer and antibody-based drugs, as well as the concept of the resistance-associated secretory phenotype (RASP).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology9030047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,6]],"date-time":"2020-03-06T07:33:46Z","timestamp":1583480026000},"page":"47","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["A Novel Model of Cancer Drug Resistance: Oncosomal Release of Cytotoxic and Antibody-Based Drugs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3297-6126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takanori","family":"Eguchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan"},{"name":"Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eman Ahmed","family":"Taha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Ain Shams University Faculty of Science, Cairo 11566, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart K.","family":"Calderwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kisho","family":"Ono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama 700-0914, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27066","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v4.27066","article-title":"Biological properties of extracellular vesicles and their physiological functions","volume":"4","author":"Siljander","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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