{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:33:27Z","timestamp":1787027607867,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,13]],"date-time":"2020-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Schistosomiasis, a parasitic disease caused by trematodes of the genus Schistosoma, is the second most prevalent parasitic disease in the world. It affects around 200 million people. Clinical treatment, prophylaxis, and prevention are performed in countries susceptible to schistosomiasis. In the pharmacological treatment for an acute form of schistosomiasis, the use of antiparasitics, mainly praziquantel, is more common. As an alternative way, prevention methods such as reducing the population of intermediate hosts (mollusks) with molluscicides are important in the control of this disease by interrupting the biological cycle of this etiological parasite. Despite the importance of pharmacological agents and molluscicides, they have side effects and environmental toxicity. In addition, they can lead to the development of resistance enhancing of parasites, and lead to the search for new and effective drugs, including resources of vegetal origin, which in turn, are abundant in the affected countries. Thus, the purpose of this review is to summarize recent studies on botanical products with potential for the control of schistosomiasis, including anti-Schistosoma and molluscicide activities. In addition, species and plant derivatives according to their origin or geographical importance indicating a possible utility of local resources for countries most affected by the disease are presented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology9080223","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,13]],"date-time":"2020-08-13T09:23:44Z","timestamp":1597310624000},"page":"223","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Botanical Products in the Treatment and Control of Schistosomiasis: Recent Studies and Distribution of Active Plant Resources According to Affected Regions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Ricardo Diego","family":"Duarte Galhardo de Albuquerque","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Technology in Natural Products, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niter\u00f3i 24241-002, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3962-8666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamad Fawzi","family":"Mahomoodally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, R\u00e9duit 80835, Mauritius"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6398-0371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Devina","family":"Lobine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, R\u00e9duit 80835, Mauritius"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanno","family":"Suroowan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, R\u00e9duit 80835, Mauritius"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kannan RR","family":"Rengasamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bionanotechnology Research Group, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70521-7","article-title":"Schistosomiasis and water resources development: Systematic review, meta-analysis, and estimates of people at risk","volume":"6","author":"Steinmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"WHO (2019, June 30). Schistosomiasis. Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/facesheets\/fs115\/en\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"WHO (1993). The Control of Schistosomiasis. Geneva: Who, Report of The Who Expert Committee, WHO."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"WHO (2020, July 28). Schistosomiasis. Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/schistosomiasis."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Lackey, E.K., and Horrall, S. (2020, July 28). Schistosomiasis (Schistosoma Haematobium), Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK554434."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-017-0286-2","article-title":"Controlling schistosomiasis with praziquantel: How much longer without a viable alternative?","volume":"6","author":"Bergquist","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-158","article-title":"Clinico-epidemiological study of schistosomiasis mansoni in waja-timuga, district of alamata, northern ethiopia","volume":"7","author":"Abebe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-278","article-title":"High prevalence of schistosomiasis in mbita and its adjacent islands of lake victoria, western kenya","volume":"5","author":"Odiere","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2013.01.024","article-title":"Schistosomiasis among pregnant women in rural communities in nigeria","volume":"122","author":"Salawu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynaecol Obs."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.803221","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary manifestations of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis","volume":"119","author":"Lapa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"528","article-title":"Schistosomiasis presenting as acute appendicitis","volume":"83","author":"Badmos","year":"2006","journal-title":"East. Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-9597.1000177","article-title":"Water contact activities and prevalence of schistosomiasis infection among school-age children in communities along an irrigation scheme in rural northern ghana","volume":"4","author":"Anto","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tetteh-Quarcoo, P.B., Attah, S.K., Donkor, E.S., Nyako, M., Minamor, A.A., Afutu, E., Hervie, E.T., and Ayeh-Kumi, P.F. (2013). Urinary schistosomiasis in children\u2014Still a concern in part of the ghanaian capital city. Open J. Med. Microbiol., 3.","DOI":"10.4236\/ojmm.2013.33023"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"28","article-title":"Schistosoma haematobium prevalence in school children in the rural eastern cape province, south africa","volume":"25","author":"Meents","year":"2010","journal-title":"South. Afr. J. Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.08-0344","article-title":"Geographic distribution and prevalence of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths among schoolchildren in mozambique","volume":"81","author":"Augusto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"83","article-title":"Two years impact of single praziquantel treatment on urinary schistosomiasis in the barombi kotto focus, south west cameroon","volume":"5","author":"Nkengazong","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Parasitol. Vect. Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2009.11.012","article-title":"Parasites and poverty: The case of schistosomiasis","volume":"113","author":"King","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61949-2","article-title":"Human schistosomiasis","volume":"383","author":"Colley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"165","article-title":"Neuroesquistossomose","volume":"19","author":"Amaral","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Neurol. Psiquiatr."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"65","article-title":"Prevention and control of schistosomiasis: A current perspective","volume":"5","author":"Inobaya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res. Rep. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"and Sa\u00fade, M.d. (2014). Vigil\u00e2ncia da Esquistossomose Mansoni: Diretrizes T\u00e9cnicas, Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade Bras\u00edlia. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"38","article-title":"Esquistossomose, xistosa, barriga d\u2019\u00e1gua","volume":"55","author":"Katz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ci\u00eancia Cult."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2009.01157.x","article-title":"Schistosomiasis and liver fibrosis","volume":"31","author":"Andrade","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"300","article-title":"Schistosomiasis mansoni: General aspects, immunology, pathogenesis and natural history","volume":"9","author":"Souza","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12087","article-title":"Immunology of human schistosomiasis","volume":"36","author":"Colley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2013.01.005","article-title":"Human schistosomiasis: Clinical perspective: Review","volume":"4","author":"Barsoum","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"507","article-title":"Anti-schistosome chemotherapy enhanced by antibodies specific for a parasite esterase","volume":"65","author":"Doenhoff","year":"1988","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"BRAZIL (2014). Vigil\u00e2ncia da Esquistossomose Mansoni: Diretrizes T\u00e9cnicas\/Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade, Secretaria de Vigil\u00e2ncia em Sa\u00fade, Departamento 48 Devigil\u00e2ncia Das Doen\u00e7as Transmiss\u00edveis, Minist\u00e9rio da sa\u00fade. Secretaria de vigil\u00e2ncia em sa\u00fade. Departamento de vigil\u00e2ncia epidemiol\u00f3gica."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/151.6.1130","article-title":"Effects of praziquantel on different developmental stages of schistosoma mansoni In Vitro and In Vivo","volume":"151","author":"Xiao","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.2307\/3279978","article-title":"The mode of action of hycanthone revisited","volume":"64","author":"Hillman","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-7258(95)00026-7","article-title":"Antischistosomal drugs: Past, present \u2026 And future?","volume":"68","author":"Cioli","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pharm. Ther."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2014.282871","article-title":"Cushing\u2019s syndrome: From physiological principles to diagnosis and clinical care","volume":"593","author":"Raff","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3923\/rjmp.2011.1.20","article-title":"Natural products as therapeutic agents for schistosomiasis","volume":"5","author":"Ali","year":"2011","journal-title":"Res. J. Med. Plant."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2014.11.004","article-title":"Impact of human schistosomiasis in sub-saharan africa","volume":"19","author":"Adenowo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Braz. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(01)00138-3","article-title":"Effect of combined treatment with praziquantel and artemether on schistosoma japonicum and schistosoma mansoni in experimentally infected animals","volume":"80","author":"Utzinger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-695X2010000200024","article-title":"Plant molluscicidal activity: A prophylactic alternative","volume":"20","author":"Cantanhede","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Farmacogn."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"25","article-title":"Studies on snail ecology in marshland of poyang lake region","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Nanchang Univ. (Nat. Sci.)"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"WHO (2019, June 30). The Control Social Context of Schistosomiasis and Its Control. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/tdr\/publications\/documents\/social-context-schistosomiasis.pdf?ua=1."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1038\/2211016a0","article-title":"Mechanism of action of reagents that uncouple oxidative phosphorylation","volume":"221","author":"Weinbach","year":"1969","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"WHO (2006). Pesticides and Their Application: For the Control of Vectors and Pests of Public Health Importance, World Health Organization. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"WHO (2019, June 30). World Health Assembly Resolution Wha 54.19. Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/entity\/neglected_diseases\/mediacentre\/WHA_54.19_Eng.pdf?ua=1."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"WHO (2019, June 30). Investing to Overcome the Global Impact of Neglected Tropical Diseases: Third Who Report on Neglected Tropical Diseases. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/152781\/9789241564861_eng.pdf?sequence=1."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.60.932","article-title":"Resistance to praziquantel: Direct evidence from schistosoma mansoni isolated from egyptian villagers","volume":"60","author":"Ismail","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(02)00160-5","article-title":"In Vitro anti-tumor promoting and anti-parasitic activities of the quassinoids from eurycoma longifolia, a medicinal plant in southeast asia","volume":"82","author":"Jiwajinda","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e328318978f","article-title":"Praziquantel: Mechanisms of action, resistance and new derivatives for schistosomiasis","volume":"21","author":"Doenhoff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.4236\/pp.2015.68039","article-title":"In Vitro evaluation of sida pilosa retz (malvaceae) aqueous extract and derived fractions on schistosoma mansoni","volume":"6","author":"Jatsa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"WHO (2016). Summary of global update on preventive chemotherapy implementation in 2015. Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec., 39, 456\u2013460."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00441334","article-title":"On the use of plants and plant-derived compounds for the control of schistosomiasis","volume":"71","author":"Hostettmann","year":"1984","journal-title":"Naturwissenschaften"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s13659-018-0165-y","article-title":"Compounds from african medicinal plants with activities against selected parasitic diseases: Schistosomiasis, trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis","volume":"8","author":"Simoben","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Bioprospect."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2004.05.012","article-title":"Assessing african medicinal plants for efficacy and safety: Pharmacological screening and toxicology","volume":"94","author":"Fennell","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"8","article-title":"Indigenous plants and schistosomiasis control in south africa: Molluscicidal activity of some zulu medicinal plants","volume":"3","author":"Ojewole","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bol. Latinoam. Caribe Plantas Med. Aromat."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(33)90011-5","article-title":"The use of the fruit of the tree balanites aegyptiaca in the control of schistosomiasis in the sudan","volume":"27","author":"Archibald","year":"1933","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"10","article-title":"The possibility of eradicating bilharzia by extensive planting of the tree balanltes","volume":"10","author":"Wager","year":"1936","journal-title":"South. Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1017\/S0080456800017403","article-title":"Xxvi.\u2014The fresh-water mollusca of the tanganyika territory and zanzibar protectorate, and their relation to human schistosomiasis","volume":"59","author":"Mozley","year":"1939","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Edinb."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Lemma, A., Goll, P., Duncan, J., and Ma-zengia, B. (1978). Control of Schistosomiasis by the Use of Endod in Adwa, Ethiopia: Result of A 5-Year Study."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules20021872","article-title":"Natural products as leads in schistosome drug discovery","volume":"20","author":"Neves","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(00)00377-9","article-title":"Anthelmintic screening of zimbabwean plants traditionally used against schistosomiasis","volume":"74","author":"Molgaard","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Allegretti, S.M., Oliveira, C., Oliveira, R., Frezza, T.F., and Rehder, V.L.G. (2012). The use of brazilian medicinal plants to combat schistosoma mansoni. Schistosomiasis, InTech."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Sa\u00fade, M.d. (2020, July 12). Situa\u00e7\u00e3o Epidemiol\u00f3gica da Esquistossomose, Available online: http:\/\/portalsaude.saude.gov.br\/index.php\/oministerio\/principal\/leia-mais."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Brazil (2020, July 12). Minist\u00e9rio do Meio Ambiente, Available online: http:\/\/www.mma.gov.br."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.200900292","article-title":"Antiprotozoal, schistosomicidal, and antimicrobial activities of the essential oil from the leaves of baccharis dracunculifolia","volume":"7","author":"Parreira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-009-1674-8","article-title":"In Vitro schistosomicidal effects of some phloroglucinol derivatives from dryopteris species against schistosoma mansoni adult worms","volume":"106","author":"Magalhaes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2149","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.201100167","article-title":"Chemical composition and In Vitro schistosomicidal activity of the essential oil of plectranthus neochilus grown in southeast brazil","volume":"8","author":"Caixeta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2011.01.008","article-title":"Potential effects of cramoll 1,4 lectin on murine schistosomiasis mansoni","volume":"118","author":"Melo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2010.08.021","article-title":"Schistosoma mansoni: In Vitro schistosomicidal activity of piplartine","volume":"127","author":"Moraes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.2174\/092986712800167347","article-title":"Activity of epiisopiloturine against schistosoma mansoni","volume":"19","author":"Veras","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2012.06.005","article-title":"Schistosoma mansoni: In Vitro schistosomicidal activity of essential oil of baccharis trimera (less) dc","volume":"132","author":"Rehder","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-012-2827-8","article-title":"Evaluation of the schistosomicidal activity of the steroidal alkaloids from solanum lycocarpum fruits","volume":"111","author":"Miranda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.11.012","article-title":"Molluscicidal activity of manilkara subsericea (mart.) dubard on biomphalaria glabrata (say, 1818)","volume":"178","author":"Faria","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ara\u00fajo, F.d.P., Albuquerque, R.D.D.G.d., Rangel, L.d.S., Caldas, G.R., Tietbohl, L.A.C., Santos, M.G., Ricci-J\u00fanior, E., Thiengo, S., Fernandez, M.A., and Santos, J.A.A.d. (2019). Nanoemulsion containing essential oil from xylopia ochrantha mart. Produces molluscicidal effects against different species of biomphalaria (schistosoma hosts). Mem\u00f3rias Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 114.","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760180489"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules16010762","article-title":"Schistosomicidal activity of the essential oil of ageratum conyzoides l. (asteraceae) against adult schistosoma mansoni worms","volume":"16","author":"Magalhaes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjp.2014.07.006","article-title":"Evaluation of the toxicity and molluscicidal and larvicidal activities of schinopsis brasiliensis stem bark extract and its fractions","volume":"24","author":"Santos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Farmacogn."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"439","article-title":"Index of potential contamination for urinary schistosomiasis in afikpo north l.G.A. Ebonyi state, nigeria","volume":"2","author":"Nwosu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biomed. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Araujo Navas, A.L., Hamm, N.A.S., Soares Magalh\u00e3es, R.J., and Stein, A. (2016). Mapping soil transmitted helminths and schistosomiasis under uncertainty: A systematic review and critical appraisal of evidence. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005208"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Houweling, T.A., Karim-Kos, H.E., Kulik, M.C., Stolk, W.A., Haagsma, J.A., Lenk, E.J., Richardus, J.H., and de Vlas, S.J. (2016). Socioeconomic inequalities in neglected tropical diseases: A systematic review. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004546"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2923-6","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes and practices on schistosomiasis in sub-saharan africa: A systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Sacolo","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis"},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Hutchings, A. (1996). Zulu Medicinal Plants: An Inventory, University of Natal Press."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1038\/132336a0","article-title":"The medicinal and poisonous plants of southern and eastern africa being an account of their medicinal and other uses, chemical composition, pharmacological effects and toxicology in man and animal","volume":"132","author":"Watt","year":"1933","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"1","article-title":"In Vitro antifungal activities of selected medicinal plants from zimbabwe against candida albicans and candida krusei","volume":"5","author":"Mangoyi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Afr. J. Plant Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-9668.82320","article-title":"Maytenus heterophylla and maytenus senegalensis, two traditional herbal medicines","volume":"2","author":"Serrano","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nat. Sci. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.04.001","article-title":"A review of the traditional use of southern african medicinal plants for the treatment of selected parasite infections affecting humans","volume":"220","author":"Cock","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(00)00310-X","article-title":"Efficiency of traditionally used south african plants against schistosomiasis","volume":"73","author":"Sparg","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"49","article-title":"Anti-schistosomal activity of five plant extracts on swiss white mice infected with schistosoma mansoni","volume":"9","author":"Waiganjo","year":"2014","journal-title":"IOSR J. Pharm. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"2348","article-title":"Efficacy of ethanolic leaf extracts of carica papaya and terminalia catappa as molluscicides against the snail intermediate hosts of schistosomiasis","volume":"4","author":"Adetunji","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Plants Res."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"Angaye, T. (2013). In-Vitro Comparative Molluscicidal Activities of Aqueous and Methanolic Extracts of Jatropha Curcas Leaves against Bulinus Globosus and Bulinus Rholfsi: Vectors of Urinary Schistosomiasis. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Niger Delta University]."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.15580\/GJEPH.2014.1.041814192","article-title":"Comparative molluscicidal activities of methanolic and crude extracts of jatropha curcas leaves against biomphalaria pfeifferi","volume":"2","author":"Angaye","year":"2014","journal-title":"Greener J. Epidemiol. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2000.00573.x","article-title":"Toxic activities of the plant jatropha curcas against intermediate snail hosts and larvae of schistosomes","volume":"5","author":"Rug","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"237","article-title":"Investigation of molluscicidal activity of certain sudanese plants used in folk-medicine. I. A preliminary biological screening for molluscicidal activity of certain sudanese plants used in folk-medicine","volume":"82","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"35","article-title":"Molluscicidal and synergicidal activities of the leaves of four niger delta mangrove plants against schistosomiasis vectors","volume":"3","author":"Angaye","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Environ. Treat. Tech."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"24","article-title":"Preliminary Screening of Some Nigerian Medicinal Plants for Molluscicidal Activities","volume":"4","author":"Asemota","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Anal. Pharm. Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4020(01)88123-0","article-title":"Bitter steroid glucosides, vernoniosides a1, a2, and a3, and related b1 from a possible medicinal plant, vernonia amygdalina, used by wild chimpanzees","volume":"48","author":"Jisaka","year":"1992","journal-title":"Tetrahedron"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9422(93)80019-O","article-title":"Steroid glucosides from vernonia amygdalina, a possible chimpanzee medicinal plant","volume":"34","author":"Jisaka","year":"1993","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"73","article-title":"Medicinal application of vernonia amygdalina del leaf extracts in the treatment of schistosomiasis in mice","volume":"4","author":"Ogboli","year":"2000","journal-title":"Niger. J. Nat. Prod. Med."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.5530\/pj.2011.25.11","article-title":"Comparative molluscicidal activities of fruit pericarp, leaves, seed and stem bark of blighia unijugata baker","volume":"3","author":"Agboola","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. J."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-695X2009000200005","article-title":"Evaluation of the molluscicidal and schistosoma mansoni cercariae activity of croton floribundus extracts and kaurenoic acid","volume":"19","author":"Medina","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Farmacogn."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AL-ZANBAGI, N.A. (2005). Two molluscicides from saudi arabian euphorbia lesagainst bulinus wrighti. Science, 17.","DOI":"10.4197\/Sci.17-1.2"},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"23","article-title":"Tetrapleura tetraptera: Molluscicidal activity and chemical constituents","volume":"4","author":"Aladesanmi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Afr. J. Tradit. Complementary Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2011.625952","article-title":"Contribution to In Vitro screening of egyptian plants for schistosomicidal activity","volume":"50","author":"Yousif","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-695X2012005000004","article-title":"Anti-schistosomiasis triterpene glycoside from the egyptian medicinal plant asparagus stipularis","volume":"22","author":"Sakr","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Farmacogn."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1912","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1327832","article-title":"In Vitro schistosomicidal activity of balsaminol f and karavilagenin c","volume":"78","author":"Ramalhete","year":"2012","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2583969","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/2583969","article-title":"In Vitro assessment of anthelmintic activities of rauwolfia vomitoria (apocynaceae) stem bark and roots against parasitic stages of schistosoma mansoni and cytotoxic study","volume":"2017","author":"Tekwu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(10)72007-8","article-title":"Schistosoma mekongi in cambodia and lao people\u2019s democratic republic","volume":"72","author":"Muth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.2.270-295.2001","article-title":"Schistosomiasis in the people\u2019s republic of china: Prospects and challenges for the 21st century","volume":"14","author":"Ross","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gordon, C.A., Kurscheid, J., Williams, G.M., Clements, A.C.A., Li, Y., Zhou, X.N., Utzinger, J., McManus, D.P., and Gray, D.J. (2019). Asian schistosomiasis: Current status and prospects for control leading to elimination. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed4010040"},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"212","article-title":"Development and effects of schistosoma japonicum (trematoda) on its intermediate host, oncomelania hupensis (gastropoda)","volume":"8","author":"Sulieman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iran. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01638.x","article-title":"Concurrent comparison of three water contact measurement tools in four endemic villages of the philippines. The schistosomiasis transmission ecology in the philippines project (step)","volume":"11","author":"Payne","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2015.12.002","article-title":"The increase of exotic zoonotic helminth infections: The impact of urbanization, climate change and globalization","volume":"91","author":"Gordon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/jtm.12137","article-title":"Chronic schistosoma mekongi in a traveler--a case report and review of the literature","volume":"21","author":"Campa","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Travel Med."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-9957-3-6","article-title":"Assessment of morbidity due to schistosoma japonicum infection in china","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15058","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules190915058","article-title":"New uses for old drugs: The tale of artemisinin derivatives in the elimination of schistosomiasis japonica in china","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1179\/000349802125000727","article-title":"Toxicology of a potential molluscicide derived from the plant solanum xanthocarpum: A preliminary study","volume":"96","author":"Wei","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2005.08.004","article-title":"Conquering schistosomiasis in china: The long march","volume":"96","author":"Utzinger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2013.09.011","article-title":"Bilharzia in the philippines: Past, present, and future","volume":"18","author":"Olveda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vale, N., Gouveia, M.J., Rinaldi, G., Brindley, P.J., Gartner, F., and Correia da Costa, J.M. (2017). Praziquantel for schistosomiasis: Single-drug metabolism revisited, mode of action, and resistance. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 61.","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02582-16"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0701","article-title":"The sensitivity of schistosoma japonicum to praziquantel: A field evaluation in areas with low endemicity of china","volume":"86","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_116","first-page":"605","article-title":"Studies on resistance of schistosoma to praziquantel xiii resistance of schistosoma japonicum to praziquantel is experimentally induced in laboratory","volume":"23","author":"Liang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-003-3080-1","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of ginkgo biloba extract","volume":"60","author":"Ahlemeyer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_118","first-page":"68","article-title":"Study on anti-bacterium activities of extract of ginkgo biloba leaves (egbs) and ginkgolic acids (gas)","volume":"25","author":"Yang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2009.01.013","article-title":"Chemical analysis and quality control of ginkgo biloba leaves, extracts, and phytopharmaceuticals","volume":"1216","author":"Montoro","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hua, Z., Wu, C., Fan, G., Tang, Z., and Cao, F. (2017). The antibacterial activity and mechanism of ginkgolic acid c15:1. BMC Biotechnol., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12896-016-0324-3"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2466","DOI":"10.5897\/JMPR10.185","article-title":"Molluscicidal activities of ginkgo biloba leaf against the snail oncomelania hupensis","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Plants Res."},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"356","article-title":"A new triterpene from buddleja lindleyana with neuroprotective effect","volume":"11","author":"Ren","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rec. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1016\/S1995-7645(12)60183-7","article-title":"Effects of aibl on oncomelania hupensis, the intermediate snail host of schistosoma japonicum: An enzyme histochemical study","volume":"5","author":"Han","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_124","first-page":"186","article-title":"Acacetin-7-rutinoside from buddleja lindleyana, a new molluscicidal agent against oncomelania hupensis","volume":"69","author":"Han","year":"2014","journal-title":"Z. Nat. C"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3783","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.3801","article-title":"Silver complexation and tandem mass spectrometry for differentiation of triterpenoid saponins from the roots of pulsatilla chinensis (bunge) regel","volume":"22","author":"Cheng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_126","first-page":"224","article-title":"Laboratory evaluation of the molluscicidal activity of pulsatilla chinensis (bunge) regel saponins against the snail oncomelania hupensis","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomed. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, N., Shen, W., Gao, H., Feng, Y., Zhu, W., Yang, S., Liu, Y., Xu, Q., and Yu, D. (2018). Antischistosomal properties of hederacolchiside a1 isolated from pulsatilla chinensis. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23061431"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760160324","article-title":"Ultrastructural alterations in schistosoma mansoni juvenile and adult male worms after in vitro incubation with primaquine","volume":"112","author":"Kamel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mem\u00f3rias Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_129","first-page":"330","article-title":"Studies on the effect of the lixivium of cinnamomum camphora on peroxidase isozymes of oncomelania hupensis","volume":"25","author":"Nie","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Hubei Univ. (Nat. Sci.)"},{"key":"ref_130","first-page":"81","article-title":"Extraction of the active components of cinnamomum camphom and nerium indicum against oncomelania hupensis","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Hubei Univ. (Nat. Sci.)"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-407","article-title":"Linalool, derived from cinnamomum camphora (l.) presl leaf extracts, possesses molluscicidal activity against oncomelania hupensis and inhibits infection of schistosoma japonicum","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1383219","article-title":"Schistosomicidal and antioxidant flavonoids from astragalus englerianus","volume":"80","author":"Xiao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0301-2016","article-title":"In Vivo and In Vitro activity of oil extract of garlic (allium sativum linnaeus) against schistosoma japonicum cercariae","volume":"50","author":"Wan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1080\/10286020.2012.708657","article-title":"In Vitro evaluation of schistosomicidal potential of curcumin against schistosoma japonicum","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2017.08.016","article-title":"Molluscicidal activity and physiological toxicity of macleaya cordata alkaloids components on snail oncomelania hupensis","volume":"143","author":"Ke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-695X2010005000018","article-title":"Molluscicidal activities of medicinal plants from eastern china against oncomelania hupensis, the intermediate host of schistosoma japonicum","volume":"20","author":"Han","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Farmacogn."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1179\/136485909X451780","article-title":"Molluscicidal activity of the plant eupatorium adenophorum against oncomelania hupensis, the intermediate host snail of schistosoma japonicum","volume":"103","author":"Zou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2007.11.030","article-title":"Molluscicidal activity against oncomelania hupensis of ginkgo biloba","volume":"79","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.1997.d01-242.x","article-title":"Anthraquinones in rheum palmatum and rumex dentatus (polygonaceae), and phorbol esters in jatropha curcas (euphorbiaceae) with molluscicidal activity against the schistosome vector snails oncomelania, biomphalaria, and bulinus","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_140","first-page":"245","article-title":"Molluscicidal activity of nerium indicum mill, pterocarya stenoptera dc, and rumex japonicum houtt on oncomelania hupensis","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomed. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_141","first-page":"58","article-title":"Study on extraction of effect component for snail control from solanum xanthocarpum and its effect against to the snail","volume":"16","author":"Wei","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chin. J. Zoonoses"}],"container-title":["Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/9\/8\/223\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:00:14Z","timestamp":1760176814000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/9\/8\/223"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,13]]},"references-count":141,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["biology9080223"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology9080223","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-7737"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-7737","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,13]]}}}