{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T17:37:08Z","timestamp":1787161028005,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]],"date-time":"2020-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Health Research Institute","award":["NHRI-EX106-10617SI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NHRI-EX106-10617SI"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001868","name":"National Science Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["105-2628-B-182-009-MY4, 109-2314-B-182-070-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["105-2628-B-182-009-MY4, 109-2314-B-182-070-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001868","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001868","name":"National Science Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["108-2314-B-182A-134 -MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["108-2314-B-182A-134 -MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001868","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012553","name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMRPG3H0133, CMRPG3I0322, CMRPG3H0843, and CORPG3K0011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG3H0133, CMRPG3I0322, CMRPG3H0843, and CORPG3K0011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012553","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Large cardiovascular outcome trials have reported favorable effects of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors on heart failure. To study the potential mechanism of the SGLT2 inhibition in heart failure, we used the murine doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy model and identified the toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-3 (SIRT3), and Beclin 1, acting in a complex together in response to empagliflozin treatment. The interactions and implications in mitochondrial function were evaluated with TLR9 deficient, SIRT3 deficient, Beclin 1 haplodeficient, and autophagy reporter mice and confirmed in a patient with SIRT3 point mutation and reduced enzymatic activity. The SGLT2 inhibitor, empagliflozin, protects the heart from doxorubicin cardiomyopathy in mice, by acting through a novel Beclin 1-toll-like receptor (TLR) 9-sirtuin-(SIRT) 3 axis. TLR9 and SIRT3 were both essential for the protective effects of empagliflozin. The dilated cardiomyopathy patient with SIRT3 point mutation and reduced enzymatic activity is associated with reduced TLR9 activation and the absence of mitochondrial responses in the heart after the SGLT2 inhibitor treatment. Our data indicate a dynamic communication between autophagy and Beclin 1-TLR9-SIRT3 complexes in the mitochondria in response to empagliflozin that may serve as a potential treatment strategy for heart failure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology9110369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]],"date-time":"2020-10-29T21:21:00Z","timestamp":1604006460000},"page":"369","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["TLR9 Binding to Beclin 1 and Mitochondrial SIRT3 by a Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibitor Protects the Heart from Doxorubicin Toxicity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Chao-Yung","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 350, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Chi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei-Hsiu","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui-Ting","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming-Yun","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jih-Kai","family":"Yeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming-Lung","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I-Chang","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming-Shien","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1501352","article-title":"Effect of Sitagliptin on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"373","author":"Green","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. 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