{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T10:15:19Z","timestamp":1770977719414,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,5]],"date-time":"2020-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There have been increasing reports of skin manifestations in COVID-19 patients. We conducted a systematic review and included manuscripts describing patients with positive RT-PCR coronavirus testing from nasopharyngeal swabs who also developed cutaneous manifestations. A total of 655 patients were selected, with different types of skin rashes: Erythematous maculopapular (n = 250), vascular (n = 146), vesicular (n = 99), urticarial (n = 98), erythema multiforme\/generalized pustular figurate erythema\/Stevens-Johnson syndrome (n = 22), ocular\/periocular (n = 14), polymorphic pattern (n = 9), generalized pruritus (n = 8), Kawasaki disease (n = 5), atypical erythema nodosum (n = 3), and atypical Sweet syndrome (n = 1). Chilblain-like lesions were more frequent in the younger population and were linked to a milder disease course, while fixed livedo racemosa and retiform purpura appeared in older patients and seemed to predict a more severe prognosis. For vesicular rashes, PCR determined the presence of herpesviruses in the vesicle fluid, which raised the possibility of herpesvirus co-infections. The erythema-multiforme-like pattern, generalized pustular figurate erythema and Stevens-Johnson syndrome were most frequently linked to hydroxychloroquine intake. A positive PCR determination of SARS-COV-2 from conjunctival swabs suggest that eye discharge can also be contagious. These cutaneous manifestations may aid in identifying otherwise asymptomatic COVID-19 carriers in some cases or predict a more severe evolution in others.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology9120449","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,6]],"date-time":"2020-12-06T22:27:12Z","timestamp":1607293632000},"page":"449","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Cutaneous Manifestations in Confirmed COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Claudio","family":"Conforti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Clinic, Maggiore Hospital, University of Trieste, Piazza Ospitale 1, 34125 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caterina","family":"Dianzani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Section, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Cosmetic Surgery, Campus Biomedico University Hospital, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Agozzino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Clinic, Maggiore Hospital, University of Trieste, Piazza Ospitale 1, 34125 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Giuffrida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Dermatology, University of Messina, Piazza Pugliatti, 1, 98122 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni Francesco","family":"Marangi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Cosmetic Surgery, Campus Biomedico University Hospital, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"di Meo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Clinic, Maggiore Hospital, University of Trieste, Piazza Ospitale 1, 34125 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silviu-Horia","family":"Morariu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Clinic, Mure\u0219 County Hospital, Nr. 12 Gheorghe Doja Street, 540015 T\u00eergu Mure\u0219, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Persichetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Cosmetic Surgery, Campus Biomedico University Hospital, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Segreto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Cosmetic Surgery, Campus Biomedico University Hospital, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iris","family":"Zalaudek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Clinic, Maggiore Hospital, University of Trieste, Piazza Ospitale 1, 34125 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5452-7324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicoleta","family":"Neagu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Clinic, Mure\u0219 County Hospital, Nr. 12 Gheorghe Doja Street, 540015 T\u00eergu Mure\u0219, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017","article-title":"A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019","volume":"382","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. 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