{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T03:10:29Z","timestamp":1791515429283,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,26]],"date-time":"2020-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582675200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most degenerative joint diseases in both human and veterinary medicine. The objective of the present study was the early diagnosis of OA in donkeys using a reliable grading of the disease based on clinical, chemical, and molecular alterations. OA was induced by intra-articular injection of 25 mg monoiodoacetate (MIA) as a single dose into the left radiocarpal joint of nine donkeys. Animals were clinically evaluated through the assessment of lameness score, radiographic, and ultrasonographic findings for seven months. Synovial fluid and cartilage samples were collected from both normal and diseased joints for the assessment of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) activity, COL2A1 protein expression level, and histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis of Caspase-3. Animals showed the highest lameness score post-induction after one week then decreased gradually with the progression of radiographical and ultrasonographic changes. MMP activity and COL2A1 and Caspase-3 expression increased, accompanied by articular cartilage degeneration and loss of proteoglycan. OA was successfully graded in Egyptian donkeys, with the promising use of COL2A1and Caspase-3 for prognosis. However, MMPs failed to discriminate between early and late grades of OA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10030354","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,27]],"date-time":"2020-02-27T03:21:16Z","timestamp":1582773676000},"page":"354","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["COL2A1 and Caspase-3 as Promising Biomarkers for Osteoarthritis Prognosis in an Equus asinus Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5613-5743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aya M.","family":"Yassin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huda O.","family":"AbuBakr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed I.","family":"Abdelgalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8068-6094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marwa S.","family":"Khattab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adel M.","family":"EL-Behairy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eman M.","family":"Gouda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.2746\/042516408X251921","article-title":"Determination of MMP-2 and -9 activities in synovial fluid of horses with osteoarthritic and arthritic joint diseases using gelatin zymography and immunocapture activity assays","volume":"40","author":"Fietz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Equine Vet. 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