{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T13:04:39Z","timestamp":1790946279265,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,11]],"date-time":"2020-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Many bacteria have the potential to use specific pesticides as a source of carbon, phosphorous, nitrogen and sulphur. Acephate degradation by microbes is considered to be a safe and effective method. The overall aim of the present study was to identify acephate biodegrading microorganisms and to investigate the degradation rates of acephate under the stress of humic acid and most common metal ions Fe(III) and copper Cu(II). Pseudomonas azotoformanss strain ACP1, Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain ACP2, and Pseudomonas putida ACP3 were isolated from acephate contaminated soils. Acephate of concentration 100 ppm was incubated with separate strain inoculums and periodic samples were drawn for UV\u2014visible, FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) and MS (Mass Spectrometry) analysis. Methamidophos, S-methyl O-hydrogen phosphorothioamidate, phosphenothioic S-acid, and phosphenamide were the major metabolites formed during the degradation of acephate. The rate of degradation was applied using pseudo-first-order kinetics to calculate the half-life (t1\/2) values, which were 14.33\u201316.72 d\u22121 (strain(s) + acephate), 18.81\u201321.50 d\u22121 (strain(s) + acephate + Cu(II)), 20.06 \u201323.15 d\u22121 (strain(s) + acephate + Fe(II)), and 15.05\u201317.70 d\u22121 (strains + acephate + HA). The biodegradation efficiency of the three bacterial strains can be ordered as P. aeruginosa &gt; P. putida &gt; P. azotoformans. The present study illustrated the decomposition mechanism of acephate under different conditions, and the same may be applied to the removal of other xenobiotic compounds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10030433","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,12]],"date-time":"2020-03-12T04:13:57Z","timestamp":1583986437000},"page":"433","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Kinetic Study of the Biodegradation of Acephate by Indigenous Soil Bacterial Isolates in the Presence of Humic Acid and Metal Ions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0486-4802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simranjeet","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5413-2856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vijay","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Drug Development, Gwalior 474009, MP, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sourav","family":"Singla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6493-5217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minaxi","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Technology, Akal College of Agriculture, Eternal University, Baru Sahib 173101, HP, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dhananjaya P.","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Crop Improvement, Division ICAR- Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Jakhini (Shahanshapur), VARANASI 221 305, UTTAR PRADESH, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ram","family":"Prasad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari 845401, Bihar, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0790-2264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vijay Kumar","family":"Thakur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Enhanced Composites and Structures Center, School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6968-4912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joginder","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, S., Kumar, V., Upadhyay, N., and Singh, J. (2019). The effects of Fe (II), Cu (II) and humic acid on biodegradation of atrazine. J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 103539.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2019.103539"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-017-0665-8","article-title":"Toxicity, degradation and analysis of the herbicide atrazine","volume":"16","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2019.101196","article-title":"Influence of humic acid, iron and copper on microbial degradation of fungicide Carbendazim","volume":"20","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2019.103098","article-title":"Kinetic study of the biodegradation of glyphosate by indigenous soil bacterial isolates in presence of humic acid, Fe (III) and Cu (II) ions","volume":"7","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/ppl.13002","article-title":"Revealing on hydrogen sulfide and nitric oxide signals co-ordination for plant growth under stress conditions","volume":"168","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135895","article-title":"Current advancement and future prospect of biosorbents for bioremediation","volume":"709","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-017-0900-9","article-title":"Efficient biodegradation of acephate by Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes PS-5 in the presence and absence of heavy metal ions [Cu(II) and Fe(III)], and humic acid","volume":"7","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"3 Biotech."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-015-0313-6","article-title":"Unexpected formation of N\u2032-phenyl-thiophosphorohydrazidic acid O,S-dimethyl ester from acephate: Chemical, biotechnical and computational study","volume":"6","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"3 Biotech."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1080\/03601234.2013.836868","article-title":"Biodegradation of acephate and methamidophos by a soil bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain Is-6","volume":"49","author":"Ramu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health B"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31963","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031963","article-title":"Mineralization of Acephate a Recalcitrant Organophosphate Insecticide is Initiated by a Pseudomonad in Environmental Samples","volume":"7","author":"Pinjari","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.12944\/CWE.8.2.19","article-title":"Spectroscopic Methods for the Detection of Organophosphate Pesticides\u2014A Preview","volume":"8","author":"Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Current World Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1007\/s10532-009-9320-9","article-title":"Degradation of methamidophos by Hyphomicrobium species MAP-1 and the biochemical degradation pathway","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biodegradation"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2010.01.046","article-title":"Degradation and mineralization kinetics of acephate in humid tropic soils of Malaysia","volume":"79","author":"Chai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.12944\/CWE.8.3.17","article-title":"Thin-Layer Chromatography: Comparative Estimation of Soil\u2019s Atrazine","volume":"8","author":"Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Current World Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"111","article-title":"Environmental Exposure and Health Risks of the Insecticide Monocrotophos-A Review","volume":"5","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Bio. Env. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1081\/PFC-200026805","article-title":"Electrochemical monitoring of methylparathion degradation in an acid aqueous medium in presence of Cu(II)","volume":"39","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health B"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"15","article-title":"Effect of Fe (III) on acid degradation of methylparathion","volume":"425","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health B"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2013.10.064","article-title":"Neutralization of the antimicrobial effect of glyphosate by humic acid in vitro","volume":"104","author":"Shehata","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2013.07.015","article-title":"Reduced activity of alkaline phosphatase due to host\u2013guest interactions with humic superstructures","volume":"93","author":"Mazzeia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5939","DOI":"10.1021\/es300265a","article-title":"Quantitative Evaluation of Noncovalent Interactions between Glyphosate and Dissolved Humic Substances by NMR Spectroscopy","volume":"46","author":"Mazzei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2012.04.026","article-title":"Metal ion promoted degradation mechanism of chlorpyrifos and phoxim","volume":"9","author":"Sarkouhi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/10\/3\/433\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:06:00Z","timestamp":1760173560000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/10\/3\/433"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,11]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["biom10030433"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom10030433","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-273X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,11]]}}}