{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:35:57Z","timestamp":1787027757843,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,13]],"date-time":"2020-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584057600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UMO-2016\/23\/D\/NZ4\/01913"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UMO-2016\/23\/D\/NZ4\/01913"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005632","name":"Narodowe Centrum Bada\u0144 i Rozwoju","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LIDER\/9\/0055\/L-8\/16\/NCBR\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LIDER\/9\/0055\/L-8\/16\/NCBR\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Endogenous gas transmitters, hydrogen sulfide (H2S), carbon monoxide (CO) and nitric oxide (NO) are important signaling molecules known to exert multiple biological functions. In recent years, the role of H2S, CO and NO in regulation of cardiovascular, neuronal and digestive systems physiology and pathophysiology has been emphasized. Possible link between these gaseous mediators and multiple diseases as well as potential therapeutic applications has attracted great attention from biomedical scientists working in many fields of biomedicine. Thus, various pharmacological tools with ability to release CO or H2S were developed and implemented in experimental animal in vivo and in vitro models of many disorders and preliminary human studies. This review was designed to review signaling functions, similarities, dissimilarities and a possible cross-talk between H2S and CO produced endogenously or released from chemical donors, with special emphasis on gastrointestinal digestive system pathologies prevention and treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10030445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,13]],"date-time":"2020-03-13T08:58:59Z","timestamp":1584089939000},"page":"445","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Synergisms, Discrepancies and Interactions between Hydrogen Sulfide and Carbon Monoxide in the Gastrointestinal and Digestive System Physiology, Pathophysiology and Pharmacology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Urszula","family":"G\u0142owacka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzeg\u00f3rzecka Street, 31-531 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5805-0065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Brzozowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzeg\u00f3rzecka Street, 31-531 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0175-5600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Magierowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzeg\u00f3rzecka Street, 31-531 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-017-4681-0","article-title":"Gaseous Mediators in Gastrointestinal Mucosal Defense and Injury","volume":"62","author":"Wallace","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2018.01.008","article-title":"Emerging role of carbon monoxide in regulation of cellular pathways and in the maintenance of gastric mucosal integrity","volume":"129","author":"Magierowska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"295","article-title":"The role of perivascular adipose tissue and endogenous hydrogen sulfide in vasoactive responses of isolated mesenteric arteries in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats","volume":"70","author":"Cacanyiova","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Berenyiova, A., Drobna, M., Cebova, M., Kristek, F., and Cacanyiova, S. (2018). Changes in the vasoactive effects of nitric oxide, hydrogen sulfide and the structure of the rat thoracic aorta: The role of age and essential hypertension. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 69."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.4103\/2045-9912.260650","article-title":"The role of hydrogen sulfide in gastric mucosal damage","volume":"9","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Gas. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2009.05.005","article-title":"Actions and interactions of nitric oxide, carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulphide in the cardiovascular system and in inflammation\u2014A tale of three gases!","volume":"123","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2013.5309","article-title":"Production and Physiological Effects of Hydrogen Sulfide","volume":"20","author":"Kimura","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms3040866","article-title":"Hydrogen Sulfide in Physiology and Diseases of the Digestive Tract","volume":"3","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2014.10.037","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide in signaling pathways","volume":"439","author":"Olas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3012","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612821666150514105413","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide-based anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive therapies: an experimental approach","volume":"21","author":"Flannigan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-017-1206-8","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of H2S during acute bacterial infection: a review","volume":"15","author":"Benedetti","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a000141","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a000141","article-title":"NF-\u03baB as a Critical Link Between Inflammation and Cancer","volume":"1","author":"Karin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17023","DOI":"10.1038\/sigtrans.2017.23","article-title":"NF-\u03baB signaling in inflammation","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2008.01953.x","article-title":"NF-\u03baB in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"263","author":"Atreya","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3176","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-016-4280-5","article-title":"Hydrogen Sulfide and Carbon Monoxide Protect Gastric Mucosa Compromised by Mild Stress Against Alendronate Injury","volume":"61","author":"Magierowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2011.10.021","article-title":"Hydrogen Sulfide-Linked Sulfhydration of NF-\u03baB Mediates Its Antiapoptotic Actions","volume":"45","author":"Sen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00608","article-title":"H2S-Induced Sulfhydration: Biological Function and Detection Methodology","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corsello, T., Komaravelli, N., and Casola, A. (2018). Role of Hydrogen Sulfide in NRF2- and Sirtuin-Dependent Maintenance of Cellular Redox Balance. Antioxidants, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox7100129"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/6043038","article-title":"Hydrogen Sulfide and Cellular Redox Homeostasis","volume":"2016","author":"Xie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvp107","article-title":"Nrf2-dependent upregulation of antioxidative enzymes: a novel pathway for proteasome inhibitor-mediated cardioprotection","volume":"83","author":"Dreger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.114.217034","article-title":"Annexin A1 mediates hydrogen sulfide properties in the control of inflammation","volume":"351","author":"Brancaleone","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"749","article-title":"The effect of hydrogen sulfide-releasing naproxen (ATB-346) versus naproxen on formation of stress-induced gastric lesions, the regulation of systemic inflammation, hypoxia and alterations in gastric microcirculation","volume":"68","author":"Magierowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magierowski, M., Magierowska, K., Hubalewska-Mazgaj, M., Sliwowski, Z., Pajdo, R., Ginter, G., Kwiecien, S., and Brzozowski, T. (2017). Exogenous and Endogenous Hydrogen Sulfide Protects Gastric Mucosa against the Formation and Time-Dependent Development of Ischemia\/Reperfusion-Induced Acute Lesions Progressing into Deeper Ulcerations. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22020295"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14641","article-title":"A proof-of-concept, Phase 2 clinical trial of the gastrointestinal safety of a hydrogen sulfide-releasing anti-inflammatory drug","volume":"177","author":"Wallace","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2009.2899","article-title":"The effect of hydrogen sulfide donors on lipopolysaccharide-induced formation of inflammatory mediators in macrophages","volume":"12","author":"Whiteman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2016.08.016","article-title":"GYY4137 ameliorates intestinal barrier injury in a mouse model of endotoxemia","volume":"118","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2018.03.009","article-title":"Garlic and Gaseous Mediators","volume":"39","author":"Rose","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"66","article-title":"Aged black garlic extract induces inhibition of gastric cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"8","article-title":"Increased Sulfiredoxin Expression in Gastric Cancer Cells May Be a Molecular Target of the Anticancer Component Diallyl Trisulfide","volume":"2019","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41487","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M507127200","article-title":"Diallyl Trisulfide Suppresses the Proliferation and Induces Apoptosis of Human Colon Cancer Cells through Oxidative Modification of \u03b2-Tubulin","volume":"280","author":"Hosono","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Boil. Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4877","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2008.132","article-title":"Protein cysteine sulfinic acid reductase (sulfiredoxin) as a regulator of cell proliferation and drug response","volume":"27","author":"Lei","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-15-0240","article-title":"Sulfiredoxin Promotes Colorectal Cancer Cell Invasion and Metastasis through a Novel Mechanism of Enhancing EGFR Signaling","volume":"13","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2015.12.023","article-title":"Sulfiredoxin inhibitor induces preferential death of cancer cells through reactive oxygen species-mediated mitochondrial damage","volume":"91","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Free. Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2015.08.004","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide in cancer: Friend or foe?","volume":"50","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-18144-8_12","article-title":"Hydrogen Sulfide and Cancer","volume":"230","author":"Hellmich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Handb. Exp. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b15-01015","article-title":"Endogenous Hydrogen Sulfide Enhances Cell Proliferation of Human Gastric Cancer AGS Cells","volume":"39","author":"Sekiguchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2017.11.059","article-title":"Hepatoprotective effects of garlic against ethanol-induced liver injury: A mini-review","volume":"111","author":"Guan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1039\/C8TX00185E","article-title":"Diallyl sulfide treatment protects against acetaminophen-\/carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver injury by inhibiting oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in mice","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.056556","article-title":"The role of carbon monoxide in the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"556","author":"Gibbons","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1186\/cc7887","article-title":"Bench-to-bedside review: Carbon monoxide \u2013 from mitochondrial poisoning to therapeutic use","volume":"13","author":"Bauer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12467","article-title":"Review article: carbon monoxide in gastrointestinal physiology and its potential in therapeutics","volume":"38","author":"Gibbons","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3654","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13968","article-title":"Carbon monoxide released from its pharmacological donor, tricarbonyldichlororuthenium (II) dimer, accelerates the healing of pre-existing gastric ulcers","volume":"174","author":"Magierowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C302","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00360.2016","article-title":"Biological signaling by carbon monoxide and carbon monoxide-releasing molecules","volume":"312","author":"Motterlini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1038\/74680","article-title":"Carbon monoxide has anti-inflammatory effects involving the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway","volume":"6","author":"Otterbein","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S62","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-7061(01)02071-4","article-title":"Vasoregulatory function of the heme-heme oxygenase-carbon monoxide system","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-013-3014-1","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory Effects of Carbon Monoxide-Releasing Molecule on Trinitrobenzene Sulfonic Acid-Induced Colitis in Mice","volume":"59","author":"Fukuda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201242889","article-title":"ERK differentially regulates Th17- and Treg-cell development and contributes to the pathogenesis of colitis","volume":"43","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"347","article-title":"Water-soluble CO-releasing molecules reduce the development of postoperative ileus via modulation of MAPK\/HO-1 signalling and reduction of oxidative stress","volume":"58","author":"Elinck","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.27290","article-title":"Heme oxygenase-1 and carbon monoxide regulate intestinal homeostasis and mucosal immune responses to the enteric microbiota","volume":"5","author":"Onyiah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1080\/10715762.2018.1470327","article-title":"Carbon monoxide ameliorates murine T-cell-dependent colitis through the inhibition of Th17 differentiation","volume":"52","author":"Takagi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Free. Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"6290931","article-title":"Hydrogen Sulfide Biochemistry and Interplay with Other Gaseous Mediators in Mammalian Physiology","volume":"2018","author":"Vicente","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.04.041","article-title":"Carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, and nitric oxide as signaling molecules in the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"147","author":"Farrugia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2017.11.020","article-title":"Cross-talk between hydrogen sulfide and carbon monoxide in the mechanism of experimental gastric ulcers healing, regulation of gastric blood flow and accompanying inflammation","volume":"149","author":"Magierowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2016.11.001","article-title":"Interaction between endogenous carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide in the mechanism of gastroprotection against acute aspirin-induced gastric damage","volume":"114","author":"Magierowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4070","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.07-8669com","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide enhances ulcer healing in rats","volume":"21","author":"Wallace","year":"2007","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-017-1323-4","article-title":"Nitric oxide, afferent sensory nerves, and antioxidative enzymes in the mechanism of protection mediated by tricarbonyldichlororuthenium(II) dimer and sodium hydrosulfide against aspirin-induced gastric damage","volume":"53","author":"Magierowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tavares, A.F., Parente, M.R., Justino, M., Oleastro, M., Nobre, L., and Saraiva, L. (2013). The Bactericidal Activity of Carbon Monoxide\u2013Releasing Molecules against Helicobacter pylori. PLOS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0083157"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.027649","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric pathology: insights from in vivo and ex vivo models","volume":"10","author":"Burkitt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dis. Model. Mech."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.66.5.2269-2273.2000","article-title":"Activities of Garlic Oil, Garlic Powder, and Their Diallyl Constituents against Helicobacter pylori","volume":"66","author":"Hill","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"495","article-title":"Assessment of antibacterial effect of garlic in patients infected with Helicobacter pylori using urease breath test","volume":"6","author":"Zardast","year":"2016","journal-title":"Avicenna J. Phytomed."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6025","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v25.i39.6025","article-title":"Allicin as add-on therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Si","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.110.175216","article-title":"Carbon Monoxide Involved in Modulating HCO3\u2212 Secretion in Rat Duodenum","volume":"337","author":"Takasuka","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"419","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide modulates gastric acid secretion in rats via involvement of substance P and nuclear factor-\u03baB signaling","volume":"69","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Physiol Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.2174\/092986712803413962","article-title":"Gas mediators involved in modulating duodenal HCO3(-) secretion","volume":"19","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2017.05.006","article-title":"AMPK activation promotes gastroprotection through mutual interaction with the gaseous mediators H 2 S, NO, and CO","volume":"78","author":"Oliveira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgy160","article-title":"Metformin suppresses the esophageal carcinogenesis in rats treated with NMBzA through inhibiting AMPK\/mTOR signaling pathway","volume":"40","author":"Fan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16994","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA118.004101","article-title":"Conformational heterogeneity of the allosteric drug and metabolite (ADaM) site in AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)","volume":"293","author":"Gu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.14-266015","article-title":"Proresolution effects of hydrogen sulfide during colitis are mediated through hypoxia-inducible factor-1\u03b1","volume":"29","author":"Flannigan","year":"2014","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000345","article-title":"Hydrogen Sulfide Protects from Colitis and Restores Intestinal Microbiota Biofilm and Mucus Production. Inflamm","volume":"21","author":"Motta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-018-0483-8","article-title":"Microbiota dysbiosis and barrier dysfunction in inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancers: exploring a common ground hypothesis","volume":"25","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"3854","article-title":"Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota in disease","volume":"26","author":"Carding","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol. Heal. Dis."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"G143","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide: an agent of stability at the microbiome-mucosa interface","volume":"314","author":"Wallace","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01956","article-title":"Heme Oxygenase-1 as a Modulator of Intestinal Inflammation Development and Progression","volume":"9","author":"Salazar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S229","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2008.05443.x","article-title":"Increased intestinal expression of heme oxygenase-1 and its localization in patients with ulcerative colitis","volume":"23","author":"Takagi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/micc.12253","article-title":"CO-CBS-H2S Axis: From Vascular Mediator to Cancer Regulator","volume":"23","author":"Suematsu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microcircirculation"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13433","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M600246200","article-title":"Dynamics of carbon monoxide binding to cystathionine beta-synthase","volume":"281","author":"Puranik","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-012-0875-2","article-title":"Carbon monoxide: impact on remethylation\/transsulfuration metabolism and its pathophysiologic implications","volume":"90","author":"Hishiki","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4300","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v25.i31.4300","article-title":"Methionine adenosyltransferases in liver cancer","volume":"25","author":"Murray","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.11-011FR","article-title":"Carbon monoxide stimulates global protein methylation via its inhibitory action on cystathionine \u03b2-synthase","volume":"48","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.2217\/epi.15.4","article-title":"DNA methylation as a molecular biomarker in gastric cancer","volume":"7","author":"Tahara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epigenomics"},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"382","article-title":"Role of epigenetic alterations in the pathogenesis of Barrett\u2019s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma","volume":"5","author":"Agarwal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22604","article-title":"Cystathionine \u03b2-synthase as a carbon monoxide-sensitive regulator of bile excretion","volume":"49","author":"Shintani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2005.7.788","article-title":"Hydrogen Sulfide as an Endogenous Modulator of Biliary Bicarbonate Excretion in the Rat Liver","volume":"7","author":"Fujii","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16418","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C116.742213","article-title":"Heme-dependent Metabolite Switching Regulates H2S Synthesis in Response to Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress","volume":"291","author":"Kabil","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9267","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201103617","article-title":"Theoretical Insights into the Mechanism of Carbon Monoxide (CO) Release from CO-Releasing Molecules","volume":"18","author":"Vummaleti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15846","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201608732","article-title":"Click and Release: A Chemical Strategy toward Developing Gasotransmitter Prodrugs by Using an Intramolecular Diels-Alder Reaction","volume":"55","author":"Ji","year":"2016","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0302-240","article-title":"Heme oxygenase-1 mediates the anti-inflammatory effect of interleukin-10 in mice","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4744","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.8.4744","article-title":"Carbon monoxide produced by heme oxygenase-1 suppresses T cell proliferation via inhibition of IL-2 production","volume":"172","author":"Pae","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"717","article-title":"Role of sensory afferent nerves, lipid peroxidation and antioxidative enzymes in the carbon monoxide-induced gastroprotection against stress ulcerogensis","volume":"67","author":"Kwiecien","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1134\/S0022093018050083","article-title":"Role of Potassium Channels in the Effects of Hydrogen Sulfide on Contractility of Gastric Smooth Muscle Cells in Rats","volume":"54","author":"Shaidullov","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Evol. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2019.09.032","article-title":"Oxidative gastric mucosal damage induced by ischemia\/reperfusion and the mechanisms of its prevention by carbon monoxide-releasing tricarbonyldichlororuthenium (II) dimer","volume":"145","author":"Magierowska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Free. Radic. Biol. Med."}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/10\/3\/445\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:06:38Z","timestamp":1760173598000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/10\/3\/445"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,13]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["biom10030445"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom10030445","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-273X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,13]]}}}