{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T16:09:14Z","timestamp":1762272554936,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,16]],"date-time":"2020-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Scorpion venoms are a rich source of bioactive molecules, but characterisation of toxin peptides affecting cytosolic Ca2+, central to cell signalling and cell death, is limited. We undertook a functional screening of the venom of the Australian scorpion Hormurus waigiensis to determine the breadth of Ca2+ mobilisation. A human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cell line stably expressing the genetically encoded Ca2+ reporter GCaMP5G and the rabbit type 1 ryanodine receptor (RyR1) was developed as a biosensor. Size-exclusion Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography separated the venom into 53 fractions, constituting 12 chromatographic peaks. Liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy identified 182 distinct molecules with 3 to 63 components per peak. The molecular weights varied from 258 Da\u201413.6 kDa, with 53% under 1 kDa. The majority of the venom chromatographic peaks (tested as six venom pools) were found to reversibly modulate cell monolayer bioimpedance, detected using the xCELLigence platform (ACEA Biosciences). Confocal Ca2+ imaging showed 9\/14 peak samples, with molecules spanning the molecular size range, increased cytosolic Ca2+ mobilization. H. waigiensis venom Ca2+ activity was correlated with changes in bio-impedance, reflecting multi-modal toxin actions on cell physiology across the venom proteome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10040617","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,16]],"date-time":"2020-04-16T13:01:39Z","timestamp":1587042099000},"page":"617","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Australian Scorpion Hormurus waigiensis Venom Fractions Show Broad Bioactivity through Modulation of Bio-Impedance and Cytosolic Calcium"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2484-7148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David M.","family":"Housley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Neuroscience Facility and Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Sunshine Coast University Hospital, Sunshine Coast, QLD 4575, Australia"},{"name":"College of Medicine and Dentistry, Cairns Campus, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6261-3927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeremy L.","family":"Pinyon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Neuroscience Facility and Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7423-3355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georg","family":"von Jonquieres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Neuroscience Facility and Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6234-500X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chamini J.","family":"Perera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Neuroscience Facility and Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6937-0112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Smout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9754-8184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael J.","family":"Liddell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, College of Science &amp; Engineering, Cairns Campus, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8912-6894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ernest A.","family":"Jennings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Dentistry, Cairns Campus, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia"},{"name":"Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5047-0711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8413-588X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gary D.","family":"Housley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Neuroscience Facility and Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2014.11.233","article-title":"Scorpion venom components as potential candidates for drug development","volume":"93","author":"Ortiz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceca.2019.05.003","article-title":"Anti-tumoral effect of scorpion peptides: Emerging new cellular targets and signaling pathways","volume":"80","author":"Othman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Calcium"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Das, B., Patra, A., and Mukherjee, A.K. 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