{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T07:59:26Z","timestamp":1782979166485,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,16]],"date-time":"2020-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Health Research Institute (TW)","award":["NHRI-EX101-9935EI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NHRI-EX101-9935EI"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011645","name":"Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KMUH-107-7R54"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMUH-107-7R54"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011645","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004694","name":"Kaohsiung Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KMU-TC108A02-1, and KMU-DK105009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMU-TC108A02-1, and KMU-DK105009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004694","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital","award":["kmtth-107-042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["kmtth-107-042"]}]},{"name":"Minister of Science and Technology of Taiwan","award":["MOST 106-2314-B-037 -050 -MY3 and 108-2314-B-037 -059 -MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 106-2314-B-037 -050 -MY3 and 108-2314-B-037 -059 -MY3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Green tea drinking can ameliorate postmenopausal osteoporosis by increasing the bone mineral density. (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the abundant and active compound of tea catechin, was proven to be able to reduce bone loss and ameliorate microarchitecture in female ovariectomized rats. EGCG can also enhance the osteogenic differentiation of murine bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and inhibit the osteoclastogenesis in RAW264.7 cells by modulation of the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB (RANK)\/RANK ligand (RANKL)\/osteoprotegrin (OPG) (RANK\/RANKL\/OPG) pathway. Our previous study also found that EGCG can promote bone defect healing in the distal femur partially via bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2). Considering the osteoinduction property of BMP-2, we hypothesized that EGCG could accelerate the bone healing process with an increased expression of BMP-2. In this manuscript, we studied whether the local use of EGCG can facilitate tibial fracture healing. Fifty-six 4-month-old rats were randomly assigned to two groups after being weight-matched: a control group with vehicle treatment (Ctrl) and a study group with 10 \u00b5mol\/L, 40 \u00b5L, EGCG treatment (EGCG). Two days after the operation, the rats were treated daily with EGCG or vehicle by percutaneous local injection for 2 weeks. The application of EGCG enhanced callus formation by increasing the bone volume and subsequently improved the mechanical properties of the tibial bone, including the maximal load, break load, stiffness, and Young\u2019s modulus. The results of the histology and BMP-2 immunohistochemistry staining showed that EGCG treatment accelerated the bone matrix formation and produced a stronger expression of BMP-2. Taken together, this study for the first time demonstrated that local treatment of EGCG can accelerate the fracture healing process at least partly via BMP-2.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10040620","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,16]],"date-time":"2020-04-16T13:01:39Z","timestamp":1587042099000},"page":"620","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Green Tea Catechin (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG) Facilitates Fracture Healing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Sung-Yen","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Departments of Orthopedics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung City 80145, Taiwan"},{"name":"Regeneration Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung Yu","family":"Kan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng-Chang","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Departments of Orthopedics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Regeneration Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han Hsiang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City 60054, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7080-8652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsung-Lin","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Regeneration Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8638-1021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hsuan-Ti","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Departments of Orthopedics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung City 80145, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng-Jung","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Departments of Orthopedics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1510-8079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tien-Ching","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Departments of Orthopedics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung City 80145, Taiwan"},{"name":"Regeneration Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3590-7775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shu-Chun","family":"Chuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Regeneration Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Shan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Regeneration Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2709-5604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lin","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8941-4792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chung-Hwan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Departments of Orthopedics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung City 80145, Taiwan"},{"name":"Regeneration Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2014.07.033","article-title":"Bone fracture healing: Cell therapy in delayed unions and nonunions","volume":"70","author":"Rosset","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s00776-007-1143-0","article-title":"Diet and lifestyle associated with increased bone mineral density: Cross-sectional study of Japanese elderly women at an osteoporosis outpatient clinic","volume":"12","author":"Muraki","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. 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