{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T12:49:34Z","timestamp":1791377374073,"version":"4.3.2"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,12]],"date-time":"2020-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The potential reprotoxicity of bifenthrin remains unclear if only the common clinical indicators of reproductive disease are examined. The present study aimed to investigate the efficacy of Spirulina platensis, a microalga rich in antioxidant compounds, against bifenthrin-induced testicular oxidative damage in male mice. At the first, we demonstrate that administration of bifenthrin resulted in a decline of testosterone level and in deterioration of sperm quality that was correlated with significant transcription changes of some specific mRNA and microRNA involved in cholesterol transport, testosterone synthesis, and spermatogenesis. At the biochemical level, we found that oxidative stress was obvious in the bifenthrin group, as evidenced by increase in malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyls (PCO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and nitrite oxide (NO) that was correlated with activation of genes related to mitochondrial apoptotic signal pathways. We then brought, for the first time to our knowledge, solid and complete experimental evidences that administration of mice with Spirulina extract was sufficient to protect against deleterious effects BF in testicular tissues by abrogating the change in antioxidant enzyme activities; the increase in MDA, PCO, and NO concentrations; and the altered expression level of miRNA and mRNA involved in spermatogenesis. We finally demonstrate that Spirulina restores the production of testosterone in mice as well as epididymal sperm viability and motility. These results suggest a potential antitoxic activity of Tunisian Spirulina deserving further attention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10050753","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,12]],"date-time":"2020-05-12T10:53:55Z","timestamp":1589280835000},"page":"753","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Protective Role of Spirulina platensis against Bifenthrin-Induced Reprotoxicity in Adult Male Mice by Reversing Expression of Altered Histological, Biochemical, and Molecular Markers Including MicroRNAs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Barkallah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Biotechnologie des Algues, Biological Engineering Department, National Engineering School of Sfax, University of Sfax, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahlem","family":"Ben Slima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facult\u00e9 des Sciences de Sfax, Universit\u00e9 de Sfax, 3029 Sfax, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0869-4281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatma","family":"Elleuch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Biotechnologie des Algues, Biological Engineering Department, National Engineering School of Sfax, University of Sfax, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4071-5444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imen","family":"Fendri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Biotechnologie V\u00e9g\u00e9tale Appliqu\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019Am\u00e9lioration des Cultures, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences de Sfax, Universit\u00e9 de Sfax, 3029 Sfax, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chantal","family":"Pichon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Biophysique mol\u00e9culaire (CBM), CNRS UPR 4301, Universit\u00e9 d\u2019Orl\u00e9ans, 45071 Orl\u00e9ans, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1314-0523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Slim","family":"Abdelkafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Biotechnologie des Algues, Biological Engineering Department, National Engineering School of Sfax, University of Sfax, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Baril","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Biophysique mol\u00e9culaire (CBM), CNRS UPR 4301, Universit\u00e9 d\u2019Orl\u00e9ans, 45071 Orl\u00e9ans, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.1039\/C4FO00190G","article-title":"Protective effects of oat oil on deltamethrin-induced reprotoxicity in male mice","volume":"5","author":"Moalla","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2011.08.016","article-title":"Enantioselective endocrine-disrupting effects of bifenthrin on hormone synthesis in rat ovarian cells","volume":"290","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.11.121","article-title":"Cis-bifenthrin causes immunotoxicity in murine macrophages","volume":"168","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2014.12.028","article-title":"Multilevel evaluations of potential liver injury of bifenthrin","volume":"122","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pestic. 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