{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T09:27:17Z","timestamp":1780565237355,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590969600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010198","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de Espa\u00f1a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AGL2014-55347-R and AGL2017-83477-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGL2014-55347-R and AGL2017-83477-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010198","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Some beneficial effects of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) can be explained by the modulation of enterohormone secretion. As GSPE comprises a combination of different molecules, the pure compounds that cause these effects need to be elucidated. The enterohormones and chemoreceptors present in the gastrointestinal tract differ between species, so if humans are to gain beneficial effects, species closer to humans\u2014and humans themselves\u2014must be used. We demonstrate that 100 mg\/L of GSPE stimulates peptide YY (PYY) release, but not glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) release in the human colon. We used a pig ex vivo system that differentiates between apical and basolateral intestinal sides to analyse how apical stimulation with GSPE and its pure compounds affects the gastrointestinal tract. In pigs, apical GSPE treatment stimulates the basolateral release of PYY in the duodenum and colon and that of GLP-1 in the ascending, but not the descending colon. In the duodenum, luminal stimulation with procyanidin dimer B2 increased PYY secretion, but not CCK secretion, while catechin monomers (catechin\/epicatechin) significantly increased CCK release, but not PYY release. The differential effects of GSPE and its pure compounds on enterohormone release at the same intestinal segment suggest that they act through chemosensors located apically and unevenly distributed along the gastrointestinal tract.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10060844","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,2]],"date-time":"2020-06-02T09:19:27Z","timestamp":1591089567000},"page":"844","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Effects of Flavanols on Enteroendocrine Secretion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5128-9607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carme","family":"Grau-Bov\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MoBioFood Research Group, Departament de Bioqu\u00edmica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c\/Marcel\u00b7l\u00ed Domingo n\u00ba1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8650-2682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Quilen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MoBioFood Research Group, Departament de Bioqu\u00edmica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c\/Marcel\u00b7l\u00ed Domingo n\u00ba1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1043-5844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ximena","family":"Terra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MoBioFood Research Group, Departament de Bioqu\u00edmica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c\/Marcel\u00b7l\u00ed Domingo n\u00ba1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43005 Tarragona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6256-9847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Teresa","family":"Blay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MoBioFood Research Group, Departament de Bioqu\u00edmica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c\/Marcel\u00b7l\u00ed Domingo n\u00ba1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43005 Tarragona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9691-1906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raul","family":"Beltr\u00e1n-Deb\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MoBioFood Research Group, Departament de Bioqu\u00edmica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c\/Marcel\u00b7l\u00ed Domingo n\u00ba1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43005 Tarragona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"Jorba-Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43005 Tarragona, Spain"},{"name":"Servei de Cirurgia General i de l\u2019Aparell Digestiu, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII, 43005 Tarragona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1697-9973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz","family":"Espina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43005 Tarragona, Spain"},{"name":"Servei de Cirurgia General i de l\u2019Aparell Digestiu, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII, 43005 Tarragona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3550-5378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Montserrat","family":"Pinent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MoBioFood Research Group, Departament de Bioqu\u00edmica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c\/Marcel\u00b7l\u00ed Domingo n\u00ba1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43005 Tarragona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0156-7538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Ard\u00e9vol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MoBioFood Research Group, Departament de Bioqu\u00edmica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c\/Marcel\u00b7l\u00ed Domingo n\u00ba1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43005 Tarragona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00442","article-title":"No Guts, No Loss: Toward the Ideal Treatment for Obesity in the Twenty-First Century","volume":"9","author":"Hope","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. 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