{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T07:11:12Z","timestamp":1769843472467,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]],"date-time":"2020-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000094","name":"Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["030275"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["030275"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000094","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria and their biofilms are a concern in veterinary and human medicine. Protegrin-1 (PG-1), a potent antimicrobial peptide (AMP) with antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties, is considered a potential alternative for conventional antibiotics. AMPs are less stable and lose activity in the presence of physiological fluids, such as serum. To improve stability of PG-1, a hybrid peptide, SynPG-1, was designed. The antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties of PG-1 and the PG-1 hybrid against MDR pathogens was analyzed, and activity after incubation with physiological fluids was compared. The effects of these peptides on the IPEC-J2 cell line was also investigated. While PG-1 maintained some activity in 25% serum for 2 h, SynPG-1 was able to retain activity in the same condition for up to 24 h, representing a 12-fold increase in stability. Both peptides had some antibiofilm activity against Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. While both peptides prevented biofilm formation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), neither could destroy MRSA\u2019s pre-formed biofilms. Both peptides maintained activity after incubation with trypsin and porcine gastric fluid, but not intestinal fluid, and stimulated IPEC-J2 cell migration. These findings suggest that SynPG-1 has much better serum stability while maintaining the same antimicrobial potency as PG-1.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10071014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,10]],"date-time":"2020-07-10T09:25:28Z","timestamp":1594373128000},"page":"1014","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Addition of a Synthetic LPS-Targeting Domain Improves Serum Stability While Maintaining Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm, and Cell Stimulating Properties of an Antimicrobial Peptide"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Maystrenko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yulong","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nadeem","family":"Akhtar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/ijos.2014.65","article-title":"Strategies for combating bacterial biofilm infections","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1177\/00912709922008506","article-title":"Microbial Biofilms: Their Development and Significance for Medical Device\u2014Related Infections","volume":"39","author":"Habash","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"110","article-title":"Les biofilms bact\u00e9riens: Leur importance en sant\u00e9 animale et en sant\u00e9 publique","volume":"78","author":"Tremblay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.21011","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms in the respiratory tract of cystic fibrosis patients","volume":"44","author":"Bjarnsholt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatric Pulmonology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12242","article-title":"Microbial biofilm formation: A need to act","volume":"276","author":"Kjelleberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3228","DOI":"10.20546\/ijcmas.2018.704.366","article-title":"Impact of Bacterial Biofilm in Veterinary Medicine: An Overview","volume":"7","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)05321-1","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance of bacteria in biofilms","volume":"358","author":"Stewart","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2017.08.029","article-title":"Enhanced efficacy of the engineered antimicrobial peptide WLBU2 via direct airway delivery in a murine model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2013.09.007","article-title":"The human antimicrobial peptide LL-37 and its fragments possess both antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"49","author":"Feng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2773","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-013-1291-7","article-title":"Esculentin(1-21), an amphibian skin membrane-active peptide with potent activity on both planktonic and biofilm cells of the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"70","author":"Luca","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2019.05.008","article-title":"Synergistic and antibiofilm activity of the antimicrobial peptide P5 against carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"1861","author":"Martinez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biomembranes"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4176","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00318-08","article-title":"Human Host Defense Peptide LL-37 Prevents Bacterial Biofilm Formation","volume":"76","author":"Overhage","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6313","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00830-16","article-title":"A Novel RNase 3\/ECP Peptide for Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Eradication That Combines Antimicrobial, Lipopolysaccharide Binding, and Cell-Agglutinating Activities","volume":"60","author":"Pulido","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yasir, M., Willcox, M.D.P., and Dutta, D. (2018). Action of Antimicrobial Peptides against Bacterial Biofilms. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11122468"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5971","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms12095971","article-title":"The Role of Antimicrobial Peptides in Preventing Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Infections and Biofilm Formation","volume":"12","author":"Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J. Mol. Sci"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10957","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-012-1997-x","article-title":"Cathelicidins: Family of antimicrobial peptides. A review","volume":"39","author":"Lisowski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Biol Rep."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.192.7.1069","article-title":"LL-37, the neutrophil granule- and epithelial cell-derived cathelicidin, utilizes formyl peptide receptor-like 1 (FPRL1) as a receptor to chemoattract human peripheral blood neutrophils, monocytes, and T cells","volume":"192","author":"Yang","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3883","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.7.3883","article-title":"The Human Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 Is a Multifunctional Modulator of Innate Immune Responses","volume":"169","author":"Scott","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00331","article-title":"Protegrin 1 Enhances Innate Cellular Defense via the Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Receptor Pathway","volume":"8","author":"Penney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1","article-title":"Modulation of the Complement System by Human \u03b2-Defensin 2","volume":"5","author":"Bhat","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Burns Wounds"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.2165\/00063030-200519030-00003","article-title":"Oral Delivery of Peptide Drugs","volume":"19","author":"Hamman","year":"2005","journal-title":"BioDrugs"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2011.12.018","article-title":"Compilation of 222 drugs\u2019 plasma protein binding data and guidance for study designs","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3777","DOI":"10.1021\/bi7019904","article-title":"Antimicrobial Peptides with Stability toward Tryptic Degradation","volume":"47","author":"Svenson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1","article-title":"Differential stability of therapeutic peptides with different proteolytic cleavage sites in blood, plasma and serum","volume":"12","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35714","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M104925200","article-title":"Interaction of Cationic Antimicrobial Peptides with Model Membranes","volume":"276","author":"Zhang","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1002\/psc.2705","article-title":"Design of novel analogues of short antimicrobial peptide anoplin with improved antimicrobial activity","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pept. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01923-12","article-title":"Novel Apidaecin 1b Analogs with Superior Serum Stabilities for Treatment of Infections by Gram-Negative Pathogens","volume":"57","author":"Berthold","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4003","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00300-10","article-title":"Easy Strategy To Protect Antimicrobial Peptides from Fast Degradation in Serum","volume":"54","author":"Knappe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012684","article-title":"Serum Stabilities of Short Tryptophan- and Arginine-Rich Antimicrobial Peptide Analogs","volume":"5","author":"Nguyen","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1267","article-title":"Antimicrobial and host-defense peptides as new anti-infective therapeutic strategies","volume":"24","author":"Hancock","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1002\/bip.22250","article-title":"Peptide Design for Antimicrobial and Immunomodulatory Applications","volume":"100","author":"Haney","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biopolymers"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1258\/ebm.2011.011153","article-title":"Synthesis and secretory expression of hybrid antimicrobial peptide CecA\u2013mag and its mutants in Pichia pastoris","volume":"237","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Biol Med. (Maywood)"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02321-13","article-title":"Resurrecting Inactive Antimicrobial Peptides from the Lipopolysaccharide Trap","volume":"58","author":"Mohanram","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(2020, April 20). Hybrid Antimicrobial Peptide Buforin II-Cecropin B Exhibits Antimicrobial Activity - ProQuest. Available online: https:\/\/search-proquest-com.subzero.lib.uoguelph.ca\/docview\/1673354040?rfr_id=info%3Axri%2Fsid%3Aprimo."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2016.05.010","article-title":"Enhancement of the antimicrobial activity and selectivity of GNU7 against Gram-negative bacteria by fusion with LPS-targeting peptide","volume":"82","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W174","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv342","article-title":"I-TASSER server: New development for protein structure and function predictions","volume":"43","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1002\/prot.22588","article-title":"I-TASSER: Fully automated protein structure prediction in CASP8","volume":"77","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proteins"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks372","article-title":"COFACTOR: An accurate comparative algorithm for structure-based protein function annotation","volume":"40","author":"Roy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-5521(96)90145-3","article-title":"Solution structure of protegrin-1, a broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptide from porcine leukocytes","volume":"3","author":"Fahrner","year":"1996","journal-title":"Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.3235","article-title":"UCSF ChimeraX: Meeting modern challenges in visualization and analysis","volume":"27","author":"Goddard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Protein Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2015.08.018","article-title":"A new active antimicrobial peptide from PD-L4, a type 1 ribosome inactivating protein ofPhytolacca dioica L.: A new function of RIPs for plant defence?","volume":"589","author":"Pizzo","year":"2015","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1111\/cbdd.13165","article-title":"Antibacterial activities and molecular mechanism of amino-terminal fragments from pig nematode antimicrobial peptide CP-1","volume":"91","author":"Dong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Drug Des."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1007\/s10930-013-9505-2","article-title":"Improved Protease Stability of the Antimicrobial Peptide Pin2 Substituted with d-Amino Acids","volume":"32","author":"Carmona","year":"2013","journal-title":"Protein J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1021\/mp500809f","article-title":"Toward Oral Delivery of Biopharmaceuticals: An Assessment of the Gastrointestinal Stability of 17 Peptide Drugs","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2017.09.047","article-title":"Physiological comparability of the harmonized INFOGEST in vitro digestion method to in vivo pig digestion","volume":"102","author":"Egger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1896","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22111896","article-title":"PSN-PC: A Novel Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Peptide from the Skin Secretion of Phyllomedusa-camba with Cytotoxicity on Human Lung Cancer Cell","volume":"22","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"1","article-title":"Design of Embedded-Hybrid Antimicrobial Peptides with Enhanced Cell Selectivity and Anti-Biofilm Activity","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"1","article-title":"Quantitative and Qualitative Assessment Methods for Biofilm Growth: A Mini-review","volume":"6","author":"Wilson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res. Rev. J. Eng Technol"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2007.06.005","article-title":"Understanding how leading bacterial pathogens subvert innate immunity to reveal novel therapeutic targets","volume":"120","author":"Nizet","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.2174\/138161209788682325","article-title":"The Roles of Antimicrobial Peptides in Innate Host Defense","volume":"15","author":"Diamond","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2017.02.012","article-title":"Antimicrobial potency of cationic antimicrobial peptides can be predicted from their amino acid composition: Application to the detection of \u201ccryptic\u201d antimicrobial peptides","volume":"419","author":"Pane","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2009.11.010","article-title":"Antimicrobial mechanism of pore-forming protegrin peptides: 100 pores to kill E. coli","volume":"31","author":"Bolintineanu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(97)01579-2","article-title":"Oligomerization of protegrin-1 in the presence of DPC micelles. A proton high-resolution NMR study","volume":"421","author":"Roumestand","year":"1998","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17331","DOI":"10.1021\/bi981314q","article-title":"Multiple States of \u03b2-Sheet Peptide Protegrin in Lipid Bilayers","volume":"37","author":"Heller","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/s00249-011-0677-4","article-title":"The effect of membrane curvature on the conformation of antimicrobial peptides: Implications for binding and the mechanism of action","volume":"40","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2014.06.005","article-title":"Antimicrobial potency and selectivity of simplified symmetric-end peptides","volume":"35","author":"Dong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.6b00045","article-title":"Contribution of Amphipathicity and Hydrophobicity to the Antimicrobial Activity and Cytotoxicity of \u03b2-Hairpin Peptides","volume":"2","author":"Edwards","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.3.1221","article-title":"Structure-activity analysis of thanatin, a 21-residue inducible insect defense peptide with sequence homology to frog skin antimicrobial peptides","volume":"93","author":"Fehlbaum","year":"1996","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2007.06.013","article-title":"Action mechanism of PEGylated magainin 2 analogue peptide","volume":"1768","author":"Imura","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biomembranes"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8245","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.150518097","article-title":"Structure\u2013activity analysis of buforin II, a histone H2A-derived antimicrobial peptide: The proline hinge is responsible for the cell-penetrating ability of buforin II","volume":"97","author":"Park","year":"2000","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2014.06.018","article-title":"Cysteine deleted protegrin-1 (CDP-1): Anti-bacterial activity, outer-membrane disruption and selectivity","volume":"1840","author":"Mohanram","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Gen. Subjects"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3334","DOI":"10.1021\/jm0703542","article-title":"Albumin Binding of Short Cationic Antimicrobial Micropeptides and Its Influence on the in Vitro Bactericidal Effect","volume":"50","author":"Svenson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Y., Wu, D., Wang, C., Shan, A., Bi, C., Li, Y., and Gan, W. (2020). Hybridization with Insect Cecropin A (1\u20138) Improve the Stability and Selectivity of Naturally Occurring Peptides. Int J. Mol. Sci, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21041470"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8553","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.5b01142","article-title":"Structural Dissection of Crotalicidin, a Rattlesnake Venom Cathelicidin, Retrieves a Fragment with Antimicrobial and Antitumor Activity","volume":"58","author":"Falcao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"2","article-title":"Structural determinants conferring unusual long life in human serum to rattlesnake-derived antimicrobial peptide Ctn[15\u201334]","volume":"25","author":"Dias","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pept. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1002\/psc.2788","article-title":"Role of peptide self-assembly in antimicrobial peptides","volume":"21","author":"Tian","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pept. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.00156","article-title":"Protective Effects of Protegrin in Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Murine Colitis","volume":"10","author":"Huynh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"(2020, June 08). Protective and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Protegrin-1 on Citrobacter rodentium Intestinal Infection in Mice. Available online: http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10214\/13002."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2016.07.042","article-title":"Topical delivery of low-cost protein drug candidates made in chloroplasts for biofilm disruption and uptake by oral epithelial cells","volume":"105","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-019-00624-7","article-title":"In vitro activity of Protegrin-1, alone and in combination with clinically useful antibiotics, against Acinetobacter baumannii strains isolated from surgical wounds","volume":"208","author":"Morroni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Limoli, D.H., Jones, C.J., and Wozniak, D.J. (2015). Bacterial Extracellular Polysaccharides in Biofilm Formation and Function. Microbiol. Spectr., 3.","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.MB-0011-2014"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics11070322","article-title":"Biofilms: Novel Strategies Based on Antimicrobial Peptides","volume":"11","author":"Galdiero","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2004.11.004","article-title":"Biofilm formation and dispersal and the transmission of human pathogens","volume":"13","author":"Stoodley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2006.05.017","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide (Endotoxin)-host defense antibacterial peptides interactions: Role in bacterial resistance and prevention of sepsis","volume":"1758","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biomembranes"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2005.00549.x","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptides and endotoxin inhibit cytokine and nitric oxide release but amplify respiratory burst response in human and murine macrophages","volume":"7","author":"Zughaier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/10\/7\/1014\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:49:05Z","timestamp":1760176145000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/10\/7\/1014"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}},"alternative-id":["biom10071014"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom10071014","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-273X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]]}}}