{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T20:05:55Z","timestamp":1793736355983,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,22]],"date-time":"2020-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cu-dependent lysyl oxidase (LOX) plays a catalytic activity-related, primary role in the assembly of the extracellular matrix (ECM), a dynamic structural and regulatory framework which is essential for cell fate, differentiation and communication during development, tissue maintenance and repair. LOX, additionally, plays both activity-dependent and independent extracellular, intracellular and nuclear roles that fulfill significant functions in normal tissues, and contribute to vascular, cardiac, pulmonary, dermal, placenta, diaphragm, kidney and pelvic floor disorders. LOX activities have also been recognized in glioblastoma, diabetic neovascularization, osteogenic differentiation, bone matrix formation, ligament remodeling, polycystic ovary syndrome, fetal membrane rupture and tumor progression and metastasis. In an inflammatory context, LOX plays a role in diminishing pluripotent mesenchymal cell pools which are relevant to the pathology of diabetes, osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis. Most of these conditions involve mechanisms with complex cell and tissue type-specific interactions of LOX with signaling pathways, not only as a regulatory target, but also as an active player, including LOX-mediated alterations of cell surface receptor functions and mutual regulatory activities within signaling loops. In this review, we aim to provide insight into the diverse ways in which LOX participates in signaling events, and explore the mechanistic details and functional significance of the regulatory and cross-regulatory interactions of LOX with the EGFR, PDGF, VEGF, TGF-\u03b2, mechano-transduction, inflammatory and steroid signaling pathways.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10081093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,23]],"date-time":"2020-07-23T11:26:01Z","timestamp":1595503561000},"page":"1093","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":145,"title":["Lysyl Oxidase (LOX): Functional Contributions to Signaling Pathways"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Rozalia","family":"Laczko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 651 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katalin","family":"Csiszar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 651 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6603(01)70012-8","article-title":"Lysyl oxidases: A novel multifunctional amine oxidase family","volume":"70","author":"Csiszar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2019.11.003","article-title":"Scavenger Receptor Cysteine-Rich domains of Lysyl Oxidase-Like2 regulate endothelial ECM and angiogenesis through non-catalytic scaffolding mechanisms","volume":"88","author":"Marchand","year":"2020","journal-title":"Matrix Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1517\/14728222.2016.1151003","article-title":"Lysyl Oxidase Isoforms and Potential Therapeutic Opportunities for Fibrosis and Cancer","volume":"20","author":"Trackman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Targets"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s12079-017-0424-4","article-title":"Functional importance of lysyl oxidase family propeptide regions","volume":"12","author":"Trackman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1139\/o11-049","article-title":"Lysyl oxidase regulates MMTV promoter: Indirect evidence of histone H1 involvement","volume":"89","author":"Oleggini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.12961","article-title":"A new role for LOX and LOXL2 proteins in transcription regulation","volume":"282","author":"Iturbide","year":"2015","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"37","article-title":"Shuttling from the extracellular matrix to the nucleus","volume":"210","author":"Gondelaud","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Aujourdhui"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8495","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.9b00317","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Model of Human Lysyl Oxidase, a Cross-Linking Enzyme","volume":"4","author":"Vallet","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00044.2011","article-title":"Transcriptional profiling and network analysis of the murine angiotensin II-induced abdominal aortic aneurysm","volume":"43","author":"Spin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Physiol. Genom."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20130660","article-title":"Caveolin 1 is critical for abdominal aortic aneurysm formation induced by angiotensin II and inhibition of lysyl oxidase","volume":"126","author":"Takayanagi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.09822","article-title":"Vascular ADAM17 (a Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase Domain 17) Is Required for Angiotensin II\/\u03b2-Aminopropionitrile-Induced Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm","volume":"70","author":"Kawai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00021","article-title":"Silibinin Inhibits NSCLC Metastas by Targeting the EGFR\/LOX Pathway","volume":"9","author":"Hou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14909","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14909","article-title":"Lysyl oxidase drives tumour progression by trapping EGF receptors at the cell surface","volume":"8","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eberson, L.S., Sanchez, P.A., Majeed, B.A., Tawinwung, S., Secomb, T.W., and Larson, D.F. (2015). Effect of lysyl oxidase inhibition on angiotensin II-induced arterial hypertension, remodeling, and stiffness. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124013"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3787","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201601157RR","article-title":"Lysyl oxidase overexpression accelerates cardiac remodeling and aggravates angiotensin II-induced hypertrophy","volume":"31","author":"Varona","year":"2017","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2016.6642","article-title":"Lysyl Oxidase Induces Vascular Oxidative Stress and Contributes to Arterial Stiffness and Abnormal Elastin Structure in Hypertension: Role of p38MAPK","volume":"27","author":"Varona","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox. Signal."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24103","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M709897200","article-title":"Lysyl oxidase oxidizes cell membrane proteins and enhances the chemotactic response of vascular smooth muscle cells","volume":"283","author":"Lucero","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-011-0642-5","article-title":"Activation of cellular chemotactic responses to chemokines coupled with oxidation of plasma membrane proteins by lysyl oxidase","volume":"118","author":"Lucero","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1019219108","article-title":"PDGF-BB and TGF-\u03b21 on cross-talk between endothelial and smooth muscle cells in vascular remodeling induced by low shear stress","volume":"108","author":"Qi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.23409","article-title":"The expression of lysyl-oxidase gene family members in myeloproliferative neoplasms","volume":"88","author":"Tadmor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27630","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.243113","article-title":"Control of megakaryocyte expansion and bone marrow fibrosis by lysyl oxidase","volume":"286","author":"Eliades","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-12-2447","article-title":"Lysyl oxidase plays a critical role in endothelial cell stimulation to drive tumor angiogenesis","volume":"73","author":"Baker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034518775971","article-title":"Multiple Functions of Lysyl Oxidase Like-2 in Oral Fibroproliferative Processes","volume":"97","author":"Saxena","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1038\/s41389-019-0144-0","article-title":"Mechanism for Oral Tumor Cell Lysyl Oxidase like-2 in Cancer Development: Synergy With PDGF-AB","volume":"8","author":"Mahjour","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oncogenesis"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2017.09.019","article-title":"Role of PDGF-BB in proliferation, differentiation and maintaining stem cell properties of PDL cells in vitro","volume":"85","author":"Mihaylova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3019","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-015-3734-5","article-title":"Lysyl Oxidase Is Predictive of Unfavorable Outcomes and Essential for Regulation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"60","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.3109\/02713683.2012.720341","article-title":"High glucose induced differential expression of lysyl oxidase and its isoform in ARPE-19 cells","volume":"38","author":"Coral","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12796","article-title":"Lysyl oxidase-mediated VEGF-induced differentiation and angiogenesis in human dental pulp cells","volume":"51","author":"Bae","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"5029","article-title":"Lysyl oxidase inhibition via \u03b2-aminoproprionitrile hampers human umbilical vein endothelial cell angiogenesis and migration in vitro","volume":"17","author":"Shi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1398","article-title":"Lysyl oxidase assists tumor-initiating cells to enhance angiogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"54","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clgc.2015.03.006","article-title":"Hypoxia and Prostate Cancer Aggressiveness: A Tale with Many Endings","volume":"13","author":"Fraga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Genitourin. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-10-1516","article-title":"The HIF-1-inducible lysyl oxidase activates HIF-1 via the Akt pathway in a positive regulation loop and synergizes with HIF-1 in promoting tumor cell growth","volume":"71","author":"Pez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14780","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14780","article-title":"Copper Transport Protein Antioxidant-1 Promotes Inflammatory Neovascularization via Chaperone and Transcription Factor Function","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mizuno, S., Yasuo, M., Bogaard, H.J., Kraskauskas, D., Alhussaini, A., Gomez-Arroyo, J., Farkas, D., Farkas, L., and Voelkel, N.F. (2012). Copper deficiency induced emphysema is associated with focal adhesion kinase inactivation. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030678"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38266","article-title":"Gene expression analysis of murine and human osteoarthritis synovium reveals elevation of transforming growth factor \u03b2-responsive genes in osteoarthritis-related fibrosis","volume":"66","author":"Remst","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.22984","article-title":"Expression analysis of genes involved in collagen cross-linking and its regulation in traumatic anterior shoulder instability","volume":"34","author":"Belangero","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2002.73.2.145","article-title":"Cytokine regulation of gingival fibroblast lysyl oxidase, collagen, and elastin","volume":"73","author":"Hong","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2011.08.109","article-title":"TNF-\u03b1 increases cardiac fibroblast lysyl oxidase expression through TGF-\u03b2 and PI3Kinase signaling pathway","volume":"413","author":"Voloshenyuk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.2112","article-title":"Induction of LOX by TGF-\u03b21\/Smad\/AP-1 signaling aggravates rat myocardial fibrosis and heart failure","volume":"71","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-019-0211-9","article-title":"Downregulation of lysyl oxidase and lysyl oxidase-like protein 2 suppressed the migration and invasion of trophoblasts by activating the TGF-\u03b2\/collagen pathway in preeclampsia","volume":"51","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"4974","article-title":"Embryonic ablation of osteoblast Smad4 interrupts matrix synthesis in response to canonical Wnt signaling and causes an osteogenesis-imperfecta-like phenotype","volume":"126","author":"Salazar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.3390","article-title":"Hypercapnia downregulates hypoxia-induced lysyl oxidase expression in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells via inhibiting transforming growth factor \u03b21 signaling","volume":"37","author":"Xia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Funct."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.113449","article-title":"Muscle composition is regulated by a Lox-TGF\u03b2 feedback loop","volume":"142","author":"Kutchuk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1093\/jmcb\/mju039","article-title":"Lysyl oxidase promotes bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis through modulating inflammation","volume":"6","author":"Cheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34229","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M803142200","article-title":"Lysyl oxidase binds transforming growth factor-beta and regulates its signaling via amine oxidase activity","volume":"283","author":"Atsawasuwan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/15476278.2015.1019687","article-title":"Tissue stiffness dictates development, homeostasis, and disease progression","volume":"11","author":"Handorf","year":"2015","journal-title":"Organogenesis"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12028","article-title":"Differential regulation of collagen, lysyl oxidase and MMP-2 in human periodontal ligament cells by low- and high-level mechanical stretching","volume":"48","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2016.05.037","article-title":"Lysyl oxidase expression in cardiac fibroblasts is regulated by \u03b12\u03b21 integrin interactions with the cellular microenvironment","volume":"475","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2011.03.024","article-title":"Induction of cardiac fibroblast lysyl oxidase by TGF-\u03b21 requires PI3K\/Akt, Smad3, and MAPK signaling","volume":"55","author":"Voloshenyuk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amendola, P.G., Reuten, R., and Erler, J.T. (2019). Interplay Between LOX Enzymes and Integrins in the Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11050729"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"You, Y., Zheng, Q., Dong, Y., Wang, Y., Zhang, L., Xue, T., Xie, X., Hu, C., Wang, Z., and Chen, R. (2015). Higher Matrix Stiffness Upregulates Osteopontin Expression in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells Mediated by Integrin \u03b21\/GSK3\u03b2\/\u03b2-Catenin Signaling Pathway. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0134243"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mambetsariev, I., Tian, Y., Wu, T., Lavoie, T., Solway, J., Birukov, K.G., and Birukova, A.A. (2014). Stiffness-activated GEF-H1 expression exacerbates LPS-induced lung inflammation. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092670"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9424","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1505700112","article-title":"Matrix cross-linking-mediated mechanotransduction promotes posttraumatic osteoarthritis","volume":"112","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-15-1348","article-title":"Injury-Driven Stiffening of the Dermis Expedites Skin Carcinoma Progression","volume":"76","author":"Mittapalli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2014.01.079","article-title":"Increasing matrix stiffness upregulates vascular endothelial growth factor expression in hepatocellular carcinoma cells mediated by integrin \u03b21","volume":"444","author":"Dong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2019.05.003","article-title":"Symbiotic Macrophage-Glioma Cell Interactions Reveal Synthetic Lethality in PTEN-Null Glioma","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2015.05.019","article-title":"Matrix-Stiffness-Regulated Inverse Expression of Kr\u00fcppel-Like Factor 5 and Kr\u00fcppel-Like Factor 4 in the Pathogenesis of Renal Fibrosis","volume":"185","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-015-2974-5","article-title":"Mechano growth factor-E regulates apoptosis and inflammatory responses in fibroblast-like synoviocytes of knee osteoarthritis","volume":"39","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2016.00234","article-title":"Copper Deficiency in the Lungs of TNF-\u03b1 Transgenic Mice","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khosravi, R., Sodek, K.L., Xu, W.P., Bais, M.V., Saxena, D., Faibish, M., and Trackman, P.C. (2014). A novel function for lysyl oxidase in pluripotent mesenchymal cell proliferation and relevance to inflammation-associated osteopenia. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100669"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2721","DOI":"10.2741\/2879","article-title":"Lysyl oxidase and endothelial dysfunction: Mechanisms of lysyl oxidase down-regulation by pro-inflammatory cytokines","volume":"13","author":"Alcudia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.10.067","article-title":"Fibrostenotic eosinophilic esophagitis might reflect epithelial lysyl oxidase induction by fibroblast-derived TNF-\u03b1","volume":"144","author":"Kasagi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2096","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dey292","article-title":"Lysyl oxidase blockade ameliorates anovulation in polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2017.73","article-title":"Role of NF-\u03baB\/GATA3 in the inhibition of lysyl oxidase by IL-1\u03b2 in human amnion fibroblasts","volume":"95","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.108.180760","article-title":"Reduced collagen biosynthesis is the hallmark of cerebral aneurysm: Contribution of interleukin-1beta and nuclear factor-\u03baB","volume":"29","author":"Aoki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-012-1549-y","article-title":"Interleukin-1 beta influences on lysyl oxidases and matrix metalloproteinases profile of injured anterior cruciate ligament and medial collateral ligament fibroblasts","volume":"37","author":"Xie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"5258","article-title":"Combined effects of tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 and interleukin-1\u03b2 on lysyl oxidase and matrix metalloproteinase expression in human knee synovial fibroblasts","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-11-0081","article-title":"IL1\u03b1 and IL4 signalling in human ovarian surface epithelial cells","volume":"211","author":"Papacleovoulou","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5578","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.166181","article-title":"Homocysteine suppresses the expression of the collagen cross-linker lysyl oxidase involving IL-6, Fli1, and epigenetic DNA methylation","volume":"286","author":"Thaler","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"12","article-title":"Attenuation of lysyl oxidase and collagen gene expression in keratoconus patient corneal epithelium corresponds to disease severity","volume":"21","author":"Shetty","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.20.4.982","article-title":"Regulation of lysyl oxidase by interferon-gamma in rat aortic smooth muscle cells","volume":"20","author":"Song","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5575","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-23881-7","article-title":"Cardiac (myo)fibroblasts modulate the migration of monocyte subsets","volume":"8","author":"Pappritz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2002-220652","article-title":"Lysyl oxidase gene expression and enzyme activity in the rat ovary: Regulation by follicle-stimulating hormone, androgen, and transforming growth factor-beta superfamily members in vitro","volume":"144","author":"Harlow","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.1.05754","article-title":"Steroid signalling in human ovarian surface epithelial cells: The response to interleukin-1alpha determined by microarray analysis","volume":"183","author":"Rae","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B1500048","article-title":"Estradiol plays a role in regulating the expression of lysyl oxidase family genes in mouse urogenital tissues and human Ishikawa cells","volume":"16","author":"Zong","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4055","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2016-1406","article-title":"Inhibition of Lysyl Oxidase by Cortisol Regeneration in Human Amnion: Implications for Rupture of Fetal Membranes","volume":"157","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2016.01.022","article-title":"Inhibition of lysyl oxidase by prostaglandin E2 via EP2\/EP4 receptors in human amnion fibroblasts: Implications for parturition","volume":"424","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-15-2306","article-title":"Lysyl Oxidase, a Targetable Secreted Molecule Involved in Cancer Metastasis","volume":"76","author":"Cox","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5863","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.9b00335","article-title":"Anti-metastatic Inhibitors of Lysyl Oxidase (LOX): Design and Structure-Activity Relationships","volume":"62","author":"Leung","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"166","article-title":"New mechanisms of vascular fibrosis: Role of lysyl oxidase","volume":"29","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Investig. Arterioscler."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00335.2010","article-title":"Role of lysyl oxidase in myocardial fibrosis: From basic science to clinical aspects","volume":"299","author":"Hermida","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez, C., and Mart\u00ednez-Gonz\u00e1lez, J. (2019). The Role of Lysyl Oxidase Enzymes in Cardiac Function and Remodeling. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8121483"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harlow, C.R., Wu, X., van Deemter, M., Gardiner, F., Poland, C., Green, R., Sarvi, S., Brown, P., Kadler, K.E., and Lu, Y. (2017). Targeting lysyl oxidase reduces peritoneal fibrosis. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0183013"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, W., Yang, A., Jia, J., Popov, Y.V., Schuppan, D., and You, H. (2020). Lysyl oxidase (LOX) family members: Rationale and their potential as therapeutic targets for liver fibrosis. Hepatology, accepted for publication.","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31236"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20156","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.24948","article-title":"Lysyl oxidase family members in urological tumorigenesis and fibrosis","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2017.10.002","article-title":"Lysyl oxidase and adipose tissue dysfunction","volume":"78","author":"Pastel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjy036","article-title":"Fibrostenotic Phenotype of Myofibroblasts in Crohn\u2019s Disease is Dependent on Tissue Stiffness and Reversed by LOX Inhibition","volume":"12","author":"Steenkamer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/10\/8\/1093\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:50:55Z","timestamp":1760176255000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/10\/8\/1093"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,22]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["biom10081093"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom10081093","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-273X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,22]]}}}