{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T19:27:04Z","timestamp":1790796424071,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":173,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,27]],"date-time":"2020-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH-16-1-0016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-16-1-0016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The neuropeptide Y (NPY) system is emerging as a promising therapeutic target for neuropsychiatric disorders by intranasal delivery to the brain. However, the vast majority of underlying research has been performed with males despite females being twice as susceptible to many stress-triggered disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, anorexia nervosa, and anxiety disorders. Here, we review sex differences in the NPY system in basal and stressed conditions and how it relates to varied susceptibility to stress-related disorders. The majority of studies demonstrate that NPY expression in many brain areas under basal, unstressed conditions is lower in females than in males. This could put them at a disadvantage in dealing with stress. Knock out animals and Flinders genetic models show that NPY is important for attenuating depression in both sexes, while its effects on anxiety appear more pronounced in males. In females, NPY expression after exposure to stress may depend on age, timing, and nature and duration of the stressors and may be especially pronounced in the catecholaminergic systems. Furthermore, alterations in NPY receptor expression and affinity may contribute to the sex differences in the NPY system. Overall, the review highlights the important role of NPY and sex differences in manifestation of neuropsychiatric disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10091248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,27]],"date-time":"2020-08-27T09:47:02Z","timestamp":1598521622000},"page":"1248","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Sex Differences in the Neuropeptide Y System and Implications for Stress Related Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Roxanna J.","family":"Nahvi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6725-3235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esther L.","family":"Sabban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002","article-title":"Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Results from the National Comorbidity Survey","volume":"51","author":"Kessler","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000244","article-title":"Sex differences in the appraisal of traumatic events and psychopathology","volume":"9","author":"Kucharska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4112","article-title":"Sex differences and stress across the lifespan","volume":"18","author":"Bale","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-859X-9-32","article-title":"The combined effect of gender and age on post traumatic stress disorder: Do men and women show differences in the lifespan distribution of the disorder?","volume":"9","author":"Ditlevsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.1359","article-title":"Twelve-month and lifetime prevalence and lifetime morbid risk of anxiety and mood disorders in the United States","volume":"21","author":"Kessler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Methods Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-200204000-00013","article-title":"Double-blind placebo-controlled pilot study of sertraline in military veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"22","author":"Zohar","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.10.1777","article-title":"Adjunctive olanzapine for SSRI-resistant combat-related PTSD: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"159","author":"Stein","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.06.027","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of remission (COMPARE) with venlafaxine versus SSRIs","volume":"63","author":"Nemeroff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.08.010","article-title":"Treatment of SSRI-resistant depression: A meta-analysis comparing within- versus across-class switches","volume":"63","author":"Papakostas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2018.01.001","article-title":"Activation of NPY-Y2 receptors ameliorates disease pathology in the R6\/2 mouse and PC12 cell models of Huntington\u2018s disease","volume":"302","author":"Fatoba","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zenz, G., Farzi, A., Frohlich, E.E., Reichmann, F., and Holzer, P. (2019). Intranasal Neuropeptide Y Blunts Lipopolysaccharide-Evoked Sickness Behavior but Not the Immune Response in Mice. Neurotherapeutics.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-019-00758-9"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.01.040","article-title":"Single intranasal neuropeptide Y infusion attenuates development of PTSD-like symptoms to traumatic stress in rats","volume":"236","author":"Serova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npep.2015.11.004","article-title":"Potential of neuropeptide Y for preventing or treating post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"56","author":"Sabban","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropeptides"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2012.101","article-title":"Neuropeptide Y and posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"18","author":"Sah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1515\/REVNEURO.2002.13.1.85","article-title":"Brain neuropeptide Y (NPY) in stress and alcohol dependence","volume":"13","author":"Heilig","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npep.2015.09.008","article-title":"Neuropeptide Y: A stressful review","volume":"55","author":"Reichmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropeptides"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2014.09.007","article-title":"Targeting the Neuropeptide Y System in Stress-related Psychiatric Disorders","volume":"1","author":"Enman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Stress"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.06.020","article-title":"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): A translational update","volume":"284","author":"Schmeltzer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1517\/14728222.2011.628314","article-title":"Central functions of neuropeptide Y in mood and anxiety disorders","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Targets"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2016.11.061","article-title":"Neuropeptide Y, resilience, and PTSD therapeutics","volume":"649","author":"Kautz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1258\/ebm.2010.009331","article-title":"Brain neuropeptide Y and corticotropin-releasing hormone in mediating stress and anxiety","volume":"235","author":"Thorsell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood)"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000345258.18071.54","article-title":"Neuropeptide Y: Its multiple effects in the CNS and potential clinical significance","volume":"72","author":"Benarroch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24589","article-title":"Neuropeptide Y in PTSD, MDD, and chronic stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"98","author":"Tural","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(01)00066-5","article-title":"The neurocircuitry and receptor subtypes mediating anxiolytic-like effects of neuropeptide Y","volume":"26","author":"Kask","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1002\/emmm.201000100","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of neuropeptide Y (NPY) receptor ligands","volume":"2","author":"Brothers","year":"2010","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npep.2015.09.007","article-title":"The role of Neuropeptide Y in fear conditioning and extinction","volume":"55","author":"Tasan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropeptides"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1982.tb07171.x","article-title":"Neuropeptide Y (NPY)-like immunoreactivity in peripheral noradrenergic neurons and effects of NPY on sympathetic function","volume":"116","author":"Lundberg","year":"1982","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"R736","article-title":"Norepinephrine and neuropeptide Y: Vasoconstrictor cooperation in vivo and in vitro","volume":"258","author":"Wahlestedt","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2011.10.001","article-title":"Central and peripheral mechanisms of the NPY system in the regulation of bone and adipose tissue","volume":"50","author":"Shi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-008-0130-6","article-title":"Neuropeptide Y promotes TGF-beta1 production in RAW264.7 cells by activating PI3K pathway via Y1 receptor","volume":"24","author":"Zhou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41921","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.164020","article-title":"Neuropeptide Y modulation of interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2)-induced nitric oxide production in microglia","volume":"285","author":"Ferreira","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-8-169","article-title":"Neuropeptide Y inhibits interleukin-1\u03b2-induced phagocytosis by microglial cells","volume":"8","author":"Ferreira","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2011.07541.x","article-title":"Neuropeptide Y inhibits interleukin-1 beta-induced microglia motility","volume":"120","author":"Ferreira","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2000.3656","article-title":"Neuropeptide Y receptor gene y6: Multiple deaths or resurrections?","volume":"277","author":"Starback","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-8981(02)00301-7","article-title":"Neuropeptide Y and its receptors as potential therapeutic drug targets","volume":"326","author":"Silva","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3827","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.08-10-03827.1988","article-title":"Neuropeptide Y action in the rat hippocampal slice: Site and mechanism of presynaptic inhibition","volume":"8","author":"Colmers","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16970","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2306-10.2010","article-title":"Countervailing modulation of Ih by neuropeptide Y and corticotrophin-releasing factor in basolateral amygdala as a possible mechanism for their effects on stress-related behaviors","volume":"30","author":"Giesbrecht","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npep.2019.102001","article-title":"Activation of NPY receptor subtype 1 by [D-His(26)]NPY is sufficient to prevent development of anxiety and depressive like effects in the single prolonged stress rodent model of PTSD","volume":"80","author":"Nwokafor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropeptides"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(01)00403-1","article-title":"The neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y1 receptor subtype mediates NPY-induced antidepressant-like activity in the mouse forced swimming test","volume":"26","author":"Redrobe","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.1993.35","article-title":"Anxiolytic-like action of neuropeptide Y: Mediation by Y1 receptors in amygdala, and dissociation from food intake effects","volume":"8","author":"Heilig","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2012.01872.x","article-title":"NPY controls fear conditioning and fear extinction by combined action on Y(1) and Y(2) receptors","volume":"166","author":"Verma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00185-7","article-title":"Low baseline and yohimbine-stimulated plasma neuropeptide Y (NPY) levels in combat-related PTSD","volume":"47","author":"Rasmusson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.04.037","article-title":"Low cerebrospinal fluid neuropeptide Y concentrations in posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"66","author":"Sah","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.10.017","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid neuropeptide Y in combat veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"40","author":"Sah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2006.04.026","article-title":"CSF serotonin, 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid and neuropeptide Y levels in severe major depressive disorder","volume":"1095","author":"Hou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"23","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of neuropeptide Y in depressed patients and in controls","volume":"17","author":"Gjerris","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-9781(96)00013-7","article-title":"Differences in the neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity of the plasma and platelets of human volunteers and depressed patients","volume":"17","author":"Nilsson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06858","article-title":"Genetic variation in human NPY expression affects stress response and emotion","volume":"452","author":"Zhou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2009.09.006","article-title":"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) gene: Impact on emotional processing and treatment response in anxious depression","volume":"20","author":"Domschke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2010.12.015","article-title":"An interaction between a neuropeptide Y gene polymorphism and early adversity modulates endocrine stress responses","volume":"36","author":"Witt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12852","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.220232997","article-title":"Behavioral insensitivity to restraint stress, absent fear suppression of behavior and impaired spatial learning in transgenic rats with hippocampal neuropeptide Y overexpression","volume":"97","author":"Thorsell","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.20200","article-title":"Differential roles for neuropeptide Y Y1 and Y5 receptors in anxiety and sedation","volume":"77","author":"Sorensen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2013.04.005","article-title":"Role of NPY Y1 receptor on acquisition, consolidation and extinction on contextual fear conditioning: Dissociation between anxiety, locomotion and non-emotional memory behavior","volume":"103","author":"Lach","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12682","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2305-08.2008","article-title":"The role of neuropeptide Y in the expression and extinction of fear-potentiated startle","volume":"28","author":"Gutman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3920","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2014-1192","article-title":"Early intervention with intranasal NPY prevents single prolonged stress-triggered impairments in hypothalamus and ventral hippocampus in male rats","volume":"155","author":"Laukova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13347","article-title":"Locus coeruleus response to single-prolonged stress and early intervention with intranasal neuropeptide Y","volume":"135","author":"Sabban","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4688-08.2009","article-title":"Estradiol facilitates the release of neuropeptide Y to suppress hippocampus-dependent seizures","volume":"29","author":"Ledoux","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.20765","article-title":"Exogenous neuropeptide Y promotes in vivo hippocampal neurogenesis","volume":"21","author":"Decressac","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2003.tb04413.x","article-title":"Effects of neuropeptide Y on sucrose and ethanol intake and on anxiety-like behavior in high alcohol drinking (HAD) and low alcohol drinking (LAD) rats","volume":"27","author":"Stewart","year":"2003","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2008.06306.x","article-title":"Behavioural profile of a new mouse model for NPY deficiency","volume":"28","author":"Karl","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-9781(88)90112-X","article-title":"Continuous intraventricular infusion of neuropeptide Y evokes episodic food intake in satiated female rats: Effects of adrenalectomy and cholecystokinin","volume":"9","author":"Kalra","year":"1988","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01326.x","article-title":"Sex-dependent control of murine emotional-affective behaviour in health and colitis by peptide YY and neuropeptide Y","volume":"163","author":"Painsipp","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2005.05.015","article-title":"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) shortens sleep latency but does not suppress ACTH and cortisol in depressed patients and normal controls","volume":"31","author":"Held","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-9781(98)00139-9","article-title":"Sex differences in neuropeptide distribution in the rat brain","volume":"20","author":"Rugarn","year":"1999","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.2337\/db07-0722","article-title":"Transgenic mice overexpressing neuropeptide Y in noradrenergic neurons: A novel model of increased adiposity and impaired glucose tolerance","volume":"57","author":"Ruohonen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2018.00159","article-title":"Maternal Deprivation Increases Anxiety- and Depressive-Like Behaviors in an Age-Dependent Fashion and Reduces Neuropeptide Y Expression in the Amygdala and Hippocampus of Male and Female Young Adult Rats","volume":"12","author":"Miragaia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-3806(01)00264-4","article-title":"Early maternal separation alters neuropeptide Y concentrations in selected brain regions in adult rats","volume":"131","author":"Mathe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3956(00)00036-4","article-title":"Neuropeptide Y in male and female brains of Flinders Sensitive Line, a rat model of depression. Effects of electroconvulsive stimuli","volume":"34","author":"Overstreet","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1995.tb44683.x","article-title":"A novel sympathetic stress hormone and more","volume":"771","author":"Neuropeptide","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(92)90768-5","article-title":"A selective sexually dimorphic response in the median eminence neuropeptide Y","volume":"573","author":"Sahu","year":"1992","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.132.1.8419120","article-title":"Neuropeptide Y gene expression in the arcuate nucleus: Sexual dimorphism and modulation by testosterone","volume":"132","author":"Urban","year":"1993","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"R192","article-title":"Regulation of NPY\/NPY Y1 receptor\/G protein system in rat brain cortex","volume":"268","author":"Michel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.026609","article-title":"Hypothalamic circuits regulating appetite and energy homeostasis: Pathways to obesity","volume":"10","author":"Timper","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dis. Model. Mech."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(85)90260-X","article-title":"The anatomy of neuropeptide-Y-containing neurons in rat brain","volume":"15","author":"Chronwall","year":"1985","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leon-Mercado, L., Herrera Moro Chao, D., Basualdo, M.D., Kawata, M., Escobar, C., and Buijs, R.M. (2017). The Arcuate Nucleus: A Site of Fast Negative Feedback for Corticosterone Secretion in Male Rats. eNeuro, 4.","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0350-16.2017"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(99)02324-0","article-title":"Corticotropin releasing hormone neurons in the paraventricular nucleus are direct targets for neuropeptide Y neurons in the arcuate nucleus: An anterograde tracing study","volume":"854","author":"Li","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1987.120","article-title":"Peering through the windows of the brain","volume":"7","author":"Gross","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-76-1-122","article-title":"Effect of stress, adrenalectomy, hypophysectomy and hydrocortisone on the corticotropin-releasing activity of rat median eminence","volume":"76","year":"1965","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.50.030188.002235","article-title":"Regulation of the synthesis of steroidogenic enzymes in adrenal cortical cells by ACTH","volume":"50","author":"Simpson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6213","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0502136102","article-title":"The rapid release of corticosterone from the adrenal induced by ACTH is mediated by nitric oxide acting by prostaglandin E2","volume":"102","author":"Mohn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1159\/000180283","article-title":"ACTH stimulation of adrenal epinephrine and norepinephrine release","volume":"23","author":"Valenta","year":"1986","journal-title":"Horm. Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-86-4-751","article-title":"Effect of pituitary and ACTH on the maintenance of basal tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the rat adrenal gland","volume":"86","author":"Mueller","year":"1970","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2301","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)96620-2","article-title":"Control of enzymatic synthesis of adrenaline in the adrenal medulla by adrenal cortical steroids","volume":"241","author":"Wurtman","year":"1966","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3908(00)00057-5","article-title":"Neuropeptide Y promotes sleep and inhibits ACTH and cortisol release in young men","volume":"39","author":"Antonijevic","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-68-5-818","article-title":"Sex differences in adrenal cortical secretion in the rat","volume":"68","author":"Kitay","year":"1961","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.130252","article-title":"Prenatal stress in the rat results in increased blood pressure responsiveness to stress and enhanced arterial reactivity to neuropeptide Y in adulthood","volume":"582","author":"Igosheva","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1038\/1082","article-title":"Coexpression of Agrp and NPY in fasting-activated hypothalamic neurons","volume":"1","author":"Hahn","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(02)03674-0","article-title":"Effects of adrenalectomy on AGRP, POMC, NPY and CART gene expression in the basal hypothalamus of fed and fasted rats","volume":"958","author":"Savontaus","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-016-0122-6","article-title":"Corticotropin-releasing factor overexpression in mice abrogates sex differences in body weight, visceral fat, and food intake response to a fast and alters levels of feeding regulatory hormones","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Sex Differ."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npep.2011.07.005","article-title":"The arcuate NPY, POMC, and CART expressions responding to food deprivation are exaggerated in young female rats that experienced neonatal maternal separation","volume":"45","author":"Yoo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropeptides"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npep.2005.09.003","article-title":"Fasting-induced increases of arcuate NPY mRNA and plasma corticosterone are blunted in the rat experienced neonatal maternal separation","volume":"39","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuropeptides"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33748","DOI":"10.1038\/srep33748","article-title":"Trauma-specific Grey Matter Alterations in PTSD","volume":"6","author":"Meng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2008.05.022","article-title":"Altered reward processing in the nucleus accumbens and mesial prefrontal cortex of patients with posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"46","author":"Sailer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Felmingham, K.L., Falconer, E.M., Williams, L., Kemp, A.H., Allen, A., Peduto, A., and Bryant, R.A. (2014). Reduced amygdala and ventral striatal activity to happy faces in PTSD is associated with emotional numbing. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0103653"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(92)90178-Z","article-title":"Intracerebroventricular administration of neuropeptide Y affects parameters of dopamine, glutamate and GABA activities in the rat striatum","volume":"28","author":"Forni","year":"1992","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2007.01.018","article-title":"Neuropeptide Y-induced enhancement of the evoked release of newly synthesized dopamine in rat striatum: Mediation by Y2 receptors","volume":"52","author":"Adewale","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5273","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4893-04.2005","article-title":"Neuropeptide Y protects against methamphetamine-induced neuronal apoptosis in the mouse striatum","volume":"25","author":"Thiriet","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.01.016","article-title":"Anxiety Cells in a Hippocampal-Hypothalamic Circuit","volume":"97","author":"Jimenez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(03)01283-4","article-title":"The place of the hippocampus in fear conditioning","volume":"463","author":"Sanders","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01359-8","article-title":"Reduced hippocampal volume and total white matter volume in posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"52","author":"Villarreal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2006.9.234","article-title":"Hippocampus function predicts severity of post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"9","author":"Astur","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1190","article-title":"Encoding of emotional memories depends on amygdala and hippocampus and their interactions","volume":"7","author":"Richardson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.06.016","article-title":"BLA to vHPC inputs modulate anxiety-related behaviors","volume":"79","author":"Beyeler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.230","article-title":"The neuropeptide Y (NPY)-ergic system is associated with behavioral resilience to stress exposure in an animal model of post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"37","author":"Cohen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2007.11.062","article-title":"Convergent regulation of locus coeruleus activity as an adaptive response to stress","volume":"583","author":"Valentino","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00219-X","article-title":"Role of norepinephrine in the pathophysiology and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"46","author":"Southwick","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0022-202x.2001.00011.x","article-title":"Role of catecholamine signaling in brain and nervous system functions: New insights from mouse molecular genetic study","volume":"6","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol. Symp. Proc."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/nature19325","article-title":"Locus coeruleus and dopaminergic consolidation of everyday memory","volume":"537","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.07.002","article-title":"CRH Engagement of the Locus Coeruleus Noradrenergic System Mediates Stress-Induced Anxiety","volume":"87","author":"McCall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00173217","article-title":"Neuropeptide Y potentiates via Y2-receptors the inhibitory effect of noradrenaline in rat locus coeruleus neurones","volume":"348","author":"Illes","year":"1993","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00171093","article-title":"Depression by neuropeptide Y of noradrenergic inhibitory postsynaptic potentials of locus coeruleus neurones","volume":"346","author":"Finta","year":"1992","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(98)00076-6","article-title":"Anxiolytic-like effect of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and NPY13-36 microinjected into vicinity of locus coeruleus in rats","volume":"788","author":"Kask","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2016.18.4\/rvalentino","article-title":"Sex-biased cellular signaling: Molecular basis for sex differences in neuropsychiatric diseases","volume":"18","author":"Valentino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2014.03.008","article-title":"Sex differences in stress-related psychiatric disorders: Neurobiological perspectives","volume":"35","author":"Bangasser","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2010.89","article-title":"Sex differences in corticotropin-releasing factor receptor signaling and trafficking: Potential role in female vulnerability to stress-related psychopathology","volume":"15","author":"Bangasser","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300875","article-title":"Sexually dimorphic responses of the brain norepinephrine system to stress and corticotropin-releasing factor","volume":"31","author":"Curtis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.12.016","article-title":"Sex differences in emotional perception: Meta analysis of divergent activation","volume":"147","author":"Filkowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12332","article-title":"Oestradiol Regulates Neuropeptide Y Release and Gene Coupling with the GABAergic and Glutamatergic Synapses in the Adult Female Rat Dentate Gyrus","volume":"27","author":"Veliskova","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npep.2009.04.005","article-title":"Rapid change of neuropeptide Y levels and gene-expression in the brain of ovariectomized mice after administration of 17beta-estradiol","volume":"43","author":"Hilke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropeptides"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2953","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.131.6.1446633","article-title":"Neuropeptide Y gene expression in the arcuate nucleus is increased during preovulatory luteinizing hormone surges","volume":"131","author":"Urban","year":"1992","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2006.05.017","article-title":"Estrus variation in anxiolytic-like effects of intra-lateral septal infusions of the neuropeptide Y in Wistar rats in two animal models of anxiety-like behavior","volume":"27","year":"2006","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyx109","article-title":"A Randomized Dose-Ranging Study of Neuropeptide Y in Patients with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","volume":"21","author":"Sayed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.20352","article-title":"Social isolation increases number of newly proliferated cells in hippocampus in female flinders sensitive line rats","volume":"17","author":"Gruber","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.20683","article-title":"The antidepressant effects of running and escitalopram are associated with levels of hippocampal NPY and Y1 receptor but not cell proliferation in a rat model of depression","volume":"20","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2017.09.006","article-title":"Ghrelin and hypothalamic NPY\/AgRP expression in mice are affected by chronic early-life stress exposure in a sex-specific manner","volume":"86","author":"Yam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2014.07.001","article-title":"The influence of infant-caregiver experiences on amygdala Bdnf, OXTr, and NPY expression in developing and adult male and female rats","volume":"272","author":"Hill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.21440","article-title":"Maternal deprivation alters growth, food intake, and neuropeptide Y in the hypothalamus of adolescent male and female rats","volume":"58","author":"Wertheimer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev. Psychobiol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2004.11.097","article-title":"The effect of acupuncture on anxiety and neuropeptide Y expression in the basolateral amygdala of maternally separated rats","volume":"377","author":"Park","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2017.05.020","article-title":"Sex differences in the effect of chronic mild stress on mouse prefrontal cortical BDNF levels: A role of major ovarian hormones","volume":"356","author":"Karisetty","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2011.00054","article-title":"Differential Regulation of Neuropeptide Y in the Amygdala and Prefrontal Cortex during Recovery from Chronic Variable Stress","volume":"5","author":"McGuire","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1838(86)90089-5","article-title":"Increases in plasma neuropeptide Y concentrations during sympathetic activation in man","volume":"17","author":"Morris","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Auton. Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(91)90317-H","article-title":"Cardiovascular, neuropeptide Y, and adrenergic responses in stress are sexually differentiated","volume":"49","author":"Shen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1159\/000188602","article-title":"Stress-induced hypertension and increased sympathetic activity in mice overexpressing neuropeptide Y in noradrenergic neurons","volume":"89","author":"Ruohonen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(02)00086-0","article-title":"Plasma cortisol and neuropeptide Y in female victims of intimate partner violence","volume":"28","author":"Seedat","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_135","first-page":"12","article-title":"Plasma neuropeptide-Y and cognitive function in female inmates with childhood sexual abuse","volume":"39","author":"Huang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chin. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2019.00017","article-title":"Single Prolonged Stress as a Prospective Model for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Females","volume":"13","author":"Nahvi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2019.02.010","article-title":"Single prolonged stress PTSD model triggers progressive severity of anxiety, altered gene expression in locus coeruleus and hypothalamus and effected sensitivity to NPY","volume":"29","author":"Serova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2006.07.002","article-title":"Physiology and gene regulation of the brain NPY Y1 receptor","volume":"27","author":"Eva","year":"2006","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2011.04.004","article-title":"Effects of estrous cycle and sex on the expression of neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor in discrete hypothalamic and limbic nuclei of transgenic mice","volume":"32","author":"Martini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3319","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.141.9.7642","article-title":"Regulation of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor gene expression during the estrous cycle: Role of progesterone receptors","volume":"141","author":"Xu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881109104851","article-title":"Delayed stress-induced differences in locomotor and depression-related behaviour in female neuropeptide-Y Y1 receptor knockout mice","volume":"24","author":"Painsipp","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-007-0945-2","article-title":"The neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor subtype is necessary for the anxiolytic-like effects of neuropeptide Y, but not the antidepressant-like effects of fluoxetine, in mice","volume":"195","author":"Karlsson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2005.08.019","article-title":"Effect of Y1 receptor deficiency on motor activity, exploration, and anxiety","volume":"167","author":"Karl","year":"2006","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2014.01.009","article-title":"Conditional inactivation of neuropeptide Y Y1 receptors unravels the role of Y1 and Y5 receptors coexpressing neurons in anxiety","volume":"76","author":"Longo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2007.05631.x","article-title":"Expression patterns of promoters for NPY Y(1) and Y(5) receptors in Y(5)RitTA and Y(1)RVenus BAC-transgenic mice","volume":"26","author":"Oberto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.10823","article-title":"Comparative distribution of neuropeptide Y Y1 and Y5 receptors in the rat brain by using immunohistochemistry","volume":"464","author":"Wolak","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_147","first-page":"H1737","article-title":"Autoreceptor-induced inhibition of neuropeptide Y release from PC-12 cells is mediated by Y2 receptors","volume":"273","author":"Chen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1999.0730641.x","article-title":"Regulation of neuropeptide Y release by neuropeptide Y receptor ligands and calcium channel antagonists in hypothalamic slices","volume":"73","author":"King","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1994.tb17055.x","article-title":"Neuropeptide Y inhibits potassium-stimulated glutamate release through Y2 receptors in rat hippocampal slices in vitro","volume":"113","author":"Greber","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2001.0081j.x","article-title":"Differential regulation of GABA release and neuronal excitability mediated by neuropeptide Y1 and Y2 receptors in rat thalamic neurons","volume":"531","author":"Sun","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(95)11380-F","article-title":"Presynaptic A2-adrenoceptors and neuropeptide Y Y2 receptors inhibit [3H]noradrenaline release from rat hypothalamic synaptosomes via different mechanisms","volume":"188","author":"Martire","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2013.00100","article-title":"Effects of sex and deletion of neuropeptide Y2 receptors from GABAergic neurons on affective and alcohol drinking behaviors in mice","volume":"7","author":"McCall","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Integr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00203","article-title":"NPY1 Receptor Agonist Modulates Development of Depressive-Like Behavior and Gene Expression in Hypothalamus in SPS Rodent PTSD Model","volume":"11","author":"Serova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usx228","article-title":"Potential of Intranasal Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and\/or Melanocortin 4 Receptor (MC4R) Antagonists for Preventing or Treating PTSD","volume":"183","author":"Sabban","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mil. Med."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2013.11.007","article-title":"Intranasal neuropeptide Y reverses anxiety and depressive-like behavior impaired by single prolonged stress PTSD model","volume":"24","author":"Serova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1080\/10253890.2017.1378638","article-title":"Vulnerability to psychogenic non-epileptic seizures is linked to low neuropeptide Y levels","volume":"20","author":"Winterdahl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stress"},{"key":"ref_157","first-page":"361","article-title":"Age-related increase in neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in cerebrospinal fluid in women","volume":"85","author":"Taniguchi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Fukuoka Igaku Zasshi"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2338","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031899","article-title":"Neuropeptide Y gene expression is increased in the hypothalamus of older women","volume":"89","author":"Escobar","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1159\/000079978","article-title":"Neuropeptide y in euthymic lithium-treated women with bipolar disorder","volume":"50","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14982","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000014982","article-title":"Neuropeptide Y and dipeptidyl peptidase IV in normally cycling and postmenopausal women: A prospective pilot study","volume":"98","author":"Kluess","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.143.3.8670","article-title":"Testosterone (T)-induced changes in arcuate nucleus cocaine-amphetamine-regulated transcript and NPY mRNA are attenuated in old compared to young male brown Norway rats: Contribution of T to age-related changes in cocaine-amphetamine-regulated transcript and NPY gene expression","volume":"143","author":"Sohn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.134.6.8194464","article-title":"Age-related decrease in neuropeptide-Y gene expression in the arcuate nucleus of the male rat brain is independent of testicular feedback","volume":"134","author":"Gruenewald","year":"1994","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-122-5-2199","article-title":"Evidence that hypothalamic neuropeptide Y secretion decreases in aged male rats: Implications for reproductive aging","volume":"122","author":"Sahu","year":"1988","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(90)90608-E","article-title":"Aging in male rats modifies castration and testosterone-induced neuropeptide Y response in various microdissected brain nuclei","volume":"515","author":"Sahu","year":"1990","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.1994.tb02523.x","article-title":"Age-related changes in neuropeptide Y content in brain and peripheral tissues of spontaneously hypertensive rats","volume":"21","author":"Pavia","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20577","article-title":"Age at trauma exposure and PTSD risk in young adult women","volume":"23","author":"McCutcheon","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Trauma. Stress"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1310766110","article-title":"Childhood maltreatment is associated with altered fear circuitry and increased internalizing symptoms by late adolescence","volume":"110","author":"Herringa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20478","article-title":"A prospective study of sex differences in the lifetime risk of posttraumatic stress disorder among abused and neglected children grown up","volume":"22","author":"Koenen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Trauma. Stress"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2013.05.011","article-title":"Trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder in a national sample of adolescents","volume":"52","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.11.014","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization, and monkey positron emission tomography (PET) studies of [18F]Y1-973, a PET tracer for the neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor","volume":"54","author":"Hostetler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.113.125351","article-title":"PET brain imaging of neuropeptide Y2 receptors using N-11C-methyl-JNJ-31020028 in pigs","volume":"55","author":"Winterdahl","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.5b00315","article-title":"Radiosynthesis and in Vivo Evaluation of Neuropeptide Y5 Receptor (NPY5R) PET Tracers","volume":"7","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2006.08.002","article-title":"Neuropeptide Y5 receptor antagonism does not induce clinically meaningful weight loss in overweight and obese adults","volume":"4","author":"Erondu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Metab."}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/10\/9\/1248\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:03:52Z","timestamp":1760177032000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/10\/9\/1248"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,27]]},"references-count":173,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["biom10091248"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom10091248","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-273X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,27]]}}}