{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T17:53:15Z","timestamp":1790272395164,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,8]],"date-time":"2020-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["33003017034P8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["33003017034P8"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oral hyaluronic acid (HA) is a ubiquitous biopolymer that has gained attention as a treatment for local or systemic diseases. Here, we prepared and characterized structures of free HA (f-HA) with a high (&gt;105 Da), intermediate (\u2264105 Da), and low (\u2264104 Da) average molar mass (MM); nanoparticles crosslinked with adipic dihydrazide (n-HA); and mixed formulations (mixed-HA) containing f-HA and n-HA. MM distribution determined the structure, hydrodynamic diameter, and zeta potential of the f-HAs. Crosslinking changed the physicochemical properties in n-HA. In vitro tack adhesion assays, using mucin tablets or a viable rat intestinal mucosa, showed better mucoadhesion with f-HA (intermediate MM) and mixed-HA (25% n-HA), especially in the jejunum segment. High MM f-HA presented negligible mucoadhesion. n-HA showed the deepest diffusion into the porous of the membranes. In vivo results showed that, except for high MM f-HA, there is an inverse relationship between rheological changes in the intestinal membrane macerates resulting from mucoadhesion and the effective intestinal permeability that led to blood clearance of the structures. We conclude that the n-HA formulations are promising for targeting other tissues, while formulations of f-HA (intermediate MM) and mixed-HA are better for treating dysbiosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10101422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,9]],"date-time":"2020-10-09T10:19:23Z","timestamp":1602238763000},"page":"1422","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Hyaluronic Acid in the Intestinal Tract: Influence of Structure, Rheology, and Mucoadhesion on the Intestinal Uptake in Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0332-0830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandro","family":"Barbosa de Souza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials and Bioprocesses Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6066, Campinas 13083 852, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba 18300 000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3618-8415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Vin\u00edcius Chaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba 18300 000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3586-9457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thais","family":"Francine Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba 18300 000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2868-8831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliana","family":"Ferreira de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba 18300 000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2258-4911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Andrade Santana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials and Bioprocesses Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6066, Campinas 13083 852, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Pethrich, R.A., Antonio, B., and Zaikov, G.E. (2007). Hyaluronic acid: A biopolymer with versatile physico-chemical and biological properties. Handbook of Polymer Research: Monomers, Oligomers, Polymers and Composites, Nova Science Publishers Inc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1007\/s000110050132","article-title":"Hyaluronic acid inhibits interleukin-1-induced superoxide anion in bovine chondrocytes","volume":"46","author":"Fukuda","year":"1997","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G945","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00063.2011","article-title":"Hyaluronan in intestinal homeostasis and inflammation: Implications for fibrosis","volume":"301","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. 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