{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T04:10:33Z","timestamp":1791864633338,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,12]],"date-time":"2020-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Autoimmune\/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA) was first introduced in 2011 by Shoenfeld et al. and encompasses a cluster of related immune mediated diseases, which develop among genetically prone individuals as a result of adjuvant agent exposure. Since the recognition of ASIA syndrome, more than 4400 documented cases have been reported so far, illustrated by heterogeneous clinical manifestations and severity. In this review, five enigmatic conditions, including sarcoidosis, Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome, undifferentiated connective tissue disease, silicone implant incompatibility syndrome (SIIS), and immune-related adverse events (irAEs), are defined as classical examples of ASIA. Certainly, these disorders have been described after an adjuvant stimulus (silicone implantation, drugs, infections, metals, vaccines, etc.) among genetically predisposed individuals (mainly the HLA-DRB1 and PTPN22 gene), which induce an hyperstimulation of the immune system resulting in the production of autoantibodies, eventually leading to the development of autoimmune diseases. Circulating autonomic autoantibodies in the sera of patients with silicone breast implants, as well as anatomopathological aspects of small fiber neuropathy in their skin biopsies have been recently described. To our knowledge, these novel insights serve as a common explanation to the non-specific clinical manifestations reported in patients with ASIA, leading to the redefinition of the ASIA syndrome diagnostic criteria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10101436","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]],"date-time":"2020-10-15T21:42:21Z","timestamp":1602798141000},"page":"1436","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"title":["Classical Examples of the Concept of the ASIA Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3970-8765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00e2nia","family":"Borba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer 5265601, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6008-1354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Malkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of the Mosaic of Autoimmunity, Saint Petersburg State University, 5265601 Saint-Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2957-410X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Basantsova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of the Mosaic of Autoimmunity, Saint Petersburg State University, 5265601 Saint-Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilad","family":"Halpert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer 5265601, Israel"},{"name":"Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9107-3218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Andreoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"},{"name":"Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, ASST Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Tincani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"},{"name":"Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, ASST Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy"},{"name":"Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119146 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Howard","family":"Amital","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer 5265601, Israel"},{"name":"Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yehuda","family":"Shoenfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer 5265601, Israel"},{"name":"Laboratory of the Mosaic of Autoimmunity, Saint Petersburg State University, 5265601 Saint-Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2010.07.003","article-title":"\u2018ASIA\u2019\u2014Autoimmune\/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants","volume":"36","author":"Shoenfeld","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. 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