{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T12:05:18Z","timestamp":1789214718720,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]],"date-time":"2020-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Finding effective neuroprotective strategies to combat various neurodegenerative disorders still remain a clinically unmet need. Methyl caffeate (MC), a naturally occurring ester of caffeic acid, possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities; however, its role in neuroprotection is less investigated. In order to better characterize neuroprotective properties of MC, we tested its effectiveness in various models of neuronal cell injury in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells and in mouse primary neuronal cell cultures. MC at micromolar concentrations attenuated neuronal cell damage induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in undifferentiated and neuronal differentiated SH-SY5Y cells as well as in primary cortical neurons. This effect was associated with inhibition of both caspase-3 and cathepsin D but without involvement of the PI3-K\/Akt pathway. MC was neuroprotective when given before and during but not after the induction of cell damage by H2O2. Moreover, MC was protective against 6-OHDA-evoked neurotoxicity in neuronal differentiated SH-SY5Y cells via inhibition of necrotic and apoptotic processes. On the other hand, MC was ineffective in models of excitotoxicity (induced by glutamate or oxygen\u2013glucose deprivation) and even moderately augmented cytotoxic effects of the classical apoptotic inducer, staurosporine. Finally, in undifferentiated neuroblastoma cells MC at higher concentrations (above 50 microM) induced cell death and when combined with the chemotherapeutic agent, doxorubicin, it increased the cell damaging effects of the latter compound. Thus, neuroprotective properties of MC appear to be limited to certain models of neurotoxicity and depend on its concentrations and time of administration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10111530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]],"date-time":"2020-11-09T19:08:29Z","timestamp":1604948909000},"page":"1530","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Neuroprotective Effects of Methyl Caffeate against Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Cell Damage: Involvement of Caspase 3 and Cathepsin D Inhibition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6789-4489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danuta","family":"Jantas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sm\u0119tna 12, 31-343 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6803-4915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"Chwastek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sm\u0119tna 12, 31-343 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janusz","family":"Malarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Phytochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sm\u0119tna 12, 31-343 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9242-2072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Stojakowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Phytochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sm\u0119tna 12, 31-343 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W\u0142adys\u0142aw","family":"Laso\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sm\u0119tna 12, 31-343 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.10010","article-title":"Hydroxycinnamic acids and human health: Recent advances","volume":"100","author":"Coman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10877","DOI":"10.1021\/jf301807g","article-title":"Biosynthesis, Natural Sources, Dietary Intake, Pharmacokinetic Properties, and Biological Activities of Hydroxycinnamic Acids","volume":"60","author":"Khalifa","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-010-1011-x","article-title":"Neuroprotective phenolics in medicinal plants","volume":"33","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Pharmacal Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/81.1.230S","article-title":"Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in humans. I. Review of 97 bioavailability studies","volume":"81","author":"Manach","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1111\/cbdd.12829","article-title":"Discovery of neurotrophic agents based on hydroxycinnamic acid scaffold","volume":"88","author":"Hosseini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Drug Des."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hosseini, R., Moosavi, F., Silva, T., Rajaian, H., Hosseini, S.Y., Bina, S., Saso, L., Miri, R., Borges, F., and Firuzi, O. (2018). Modulation of ERK1\/2 and Akt Pathways Involved in the Neurotrophic Action of Caffeic Acid Alkyl Esters. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23123340"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2017.04.026","article-title":"Derivatives of caffeic acid, a natural antioxidant, as the basis for the discovery of novel nonpeptidic neurotrophic agents","volume":"25","author":"Moosavi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioorganic Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2011.12.015","article-title":"Alkyl esters of hydroxycinnamic acids with improved antioxidant activity and lipophilicity protect PC12 cells against oxidative stress","volume":"94","author":"Garrido","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2017.12.042","article-title":"A review on the hybrids of hydroxycinnamic acid as multi-target-directed ligands against Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioorganic Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4436","DOI":"10.2174\/09298673113209990141","article-title":"Antioxidant Properties of Hydroxycinnamic Acids: A Review of Structure- Activity Relationships","volume":"20","author":"Garrido","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.2174\/1389201020666181217142051","article-title":"Phenolic Acids Derivatives-Biotechnological Methods of Synthesis and Bioactivity","volume":"19","author":"Fabiszewska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-009-9142-8","article-title":"Hydroxycinnamates and their in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activities","volume":"9","author":"Shahidi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phytochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2016.07.028","article-title":"Neuroprotection comparison of chlorogenic acid and its metabolites against mechanistically distinct cell death-inducing agents in cultured cerebellar granule neurons","volume":"1648","author":"Taram","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1517\/13543776.2014.959492","article-title":"Caffeic acid derivatives, analogs and applications: A patent review (2009\u20132013)","volume":"24","author":"Silva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Patents"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6b04873","article-title":"Chicoric Acid Ameliorates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Oxidative Stress via Promoting the Keap1\/Nrf2 Transcriptional Signaling Pathway in BV-2 Microglial Cells and Mouse Brain","volume":"65","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.10.064","article-title":"Chlorogenic acid (CGA): A pharmacological review and call for further research","volume":"97","author":"Naveed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mikami, Y., Kakizawa, S., and Yamazawa, T. (2016). Essential Roles of Natural Products and Gaseous Mediators on Neuronal Cell Death or Survival. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17101652"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.1189","article-title":"Caffeic acid phenethyl ester, a promising component of propolis with a plethora of biological activities: A review on its anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, and cardioprotective effects","volume":"65","author":"Tolba","year":"2013","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taram, F., Ignowski, E., Duval, N., and Linseman, D.A. (2018). Neuroprotection Comparison of Rosmarinic Acid and Carnosic Acid in Primary Cultures of Cerebellar Granule Neurons. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23112956"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfda.2016.05.003","article-title":"Inhibitory mechanism against oxidative stress of caffeic acid","volume":"24","author":"Khan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Food Drug Anal."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-019-00133-8","article-title":"Comparing the Neuroprotective Effects of Caffeic Acid in Rat Cortical Slices and Caenorhabditis elegans: Involvement of Nrf2 and SKN-1 Signaling Pathways","volume":"37","author":"Colonnello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S96936","article-title":"Modulation of neurotrophic signaling pathways by polyphenols","volume":"10","author":"Firuzi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2008.12.001","article-title":"Protective effect of caffeic acid against beta-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity by the inhibition of calcium influx and tau phosphorylation","volume":"84","author":"Sul","year":"2009","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.26080","article-title":"3,4-dihydroxybenzalacetone and caffeic acid phenethyl ester induce preconditioning ER stress and autophagy in SH-SY5Y cells","volume":"233","author":"Tomiyama","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2018.08.004","article-title":"Caffeic acid improves locomotor activity and lessens inflammatory burden in a mouse model of rotenone-induced nigral neurodegeneration: Relevance to Parkinson\u2019s disease therapy","volume":"71","author":"Zaitone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s11738-011-0827-4","article-title":"Caffeic acid derivatives from a hairy root culture of Lactuca virosa","volume":"34","author":"Stojakowska","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytol.2016.11.003","article-title":"Bioactive phenolics from in vitro cultures of Lactuca aculeata Boiss. et Kotschy","volume":"19","author":"Stojakowska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phytochem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2015.09.023","article-title":"In vitro anticancer activity of methyl caffeate isolated from Solanum torvum Swartz. fruit","volume":"242","author":"Balachandran","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Interact."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2012.11.009","article-title":"Antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of the oxidative dimerization product of methyl caffeate on human breast cancer cells","volume":"23","author":"Bailly","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioorganic Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2014.976643","article-title":"Cytotoxic constituents of Abutilon indicum leaves against U87MG human glioblastoma cells","volume":"29","author":"Khan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16959","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules191016959","article-title":"Antioxidant, 5-Lipoxygenase Inhibitory and Cytotoxic Activities of Compounds Isolated from the Ferula lutea Flowers","volume":"19","author":"Znati","year":"2014","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2004.04.026","article-title":"Phenolic acid derivatives with potential anticancer properties\u2013\u2013a structure\u2013activity relationship study. Part 1: Methyl, propyl and octyl esters of caffeic and gallic acids","volume":"12","author":"Fiuza","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bioorganic Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-017-0909-y","article-title":"Methyl caffeate and some plant constituents inhibit age-related inflammation: Effects on senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) formation","volume":"40","author":"Lim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Pharmacal Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1007\/s12088-012-0313-8","article-title":"Antimicrobial and Antimycobacterial Activities of Methyl Caffeate Isolated from Solanum torvum Swartz. Fruit","volume":"52","author":"Balachandran","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1111\/jphp.12982","article-title":"In-vitro and in-vivo antimalarial activity of caffeic acid and some of its derivatives","volume":"70","author":"Alson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2011.09.159","article-title":"Antihyperglycemic activity and antidiabetic effect of methyl caffeate isolated from Solanum torvum Swartz. fruit in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats","volume":"670","author":"Gandhi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02976634","article-title":"Anti-platelet effect of the constituents isolated from the barks and fruits ofMagnolia obovata","volume":"25","author":"Pyo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Pharmacal Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1590\/0001-3765201720160581","article-title":"Reduction of the DNA damages, Hepatoprotective Effect and Antioxidant Potential of the Coconut Water, ascorbic and Caffeic Acids in Oxidative Stress Mediated by Ethanol","volume":"89","author":"Bispo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ci\u00eancias"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2017.05.007","article-title":"Cellular models as tools for the study of the role of alpha-synuclein in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"298","author":"Pavlou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.1652","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid on hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death in SH-SY5Y cells","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2017.03.015","article-title":"The ATM kinase inhibitor KU-55933 provides neuroprotection against hydrogen peroxide-induced cell damage via a \u03b3H2AX\/p-p53\/caspase-3-independent mechanism: Inhibition of calpain and cathepsin D","volume":"87","author":"Chwastek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-020-00164-6","article-title":"Neuroprotective Effects of Necrostatin-1 Against Oxidative Stress-Induced Cell Damage: An Involvement of Cathepsin D Inhibition","volume":"37","author":"Jantas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2018.08.035","article-title":"New evidences for a role of mGluR7 in astrocyte survival: Possible implications for neuroprotection","volume":"141","author":"Jantas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2014.12.010","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of the allosteric agonist of metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 AMN082 on oxygen-glucose deprivation- and kainate-induced neuronal cell death","volume":"88","author":"Domin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2014.12.011","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of mGluR II and III activators against staurosporine- and doxorubicin-induced cellular injury in SH-SY5Y cells: New evidence for a mechanism involving inhibition of AIF translocation","volume":"88","author":"Jantas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.03.102","article-title":"Comparison between proliferative and neuron-like SH-SY5Y cells as an in vitro model for Parkinson disease studies","volume":"1337","author":"Lopes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.14573\/altex.1406091","article-title":"Consensus report on the future of animal-free systemic toxicity testing","volume":"31","author":"Leist","year":"2014","journal-title":"ALTEX"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"428","article-title":"Characterization of Calcium Responses and Electrical Activity in Differentiating Mouse Neural Progenitor Cells In Vitro","volume":"137","author":"Dingemans","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bi, Y.-M., Wu, Y.-T., Chen, L., Tan, Z.-B., Fan, H.-J., Xie, L.-P., Zhang, W.-T., Chen, H.-M., Li, J., and Liu, B. (2018). 3,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid protects H9C2 cells against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis via activation of the PI3K\/Akt signaling pathway. Food Nutr. Res., 62.","DOI":"10.29219\/fnr.v62.1423"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3559","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-017-2403-9","article-title":"Differential Molecular Targets for Neuroprotective Effect of Chlorogenic Acid and its Related Compounds Against Glutamate Induced Excitotoxicity and Oxidative Stress in Rat Cortical Neurons","volume":"42","author":"Rebai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2629","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh316","article-title":"Caffeic acid phenethyl ester prevents neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury","volume":"127","author":"Wei","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1328211","article-title":"Neuroprotection of a Novel Synthetic Caffeic Acid-Syringic Acid Hybrid Compound against Experimentally Induced Transient Cerebral Ischemic Damage","volume":"79","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Planta Medica"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12993-015-0064-x","article-title":"The protective effect of caffeic acid on global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats","volume":"11","author":"Liang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Funct."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, K.O., Lee, D., Hiep, N.T., Song, J.H., Lee, H.-J., Lee, D., and Kang, K.S. (2019). Protective Effect of Phenolic Compounds Isolated from Mugwort (Artemisia argyi) against Contrast-Induced Apoptosis in Kidney Epithelium Cell Line LLC-PK1. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24010195"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1995.1074","article-title":"Staurosporine-Induced Neuronal Apoptosis","volume":"135","author":"Koh","year":"1995","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2006.12.030","article-title":"Cathepsin D\u2013Bax death pathway in oxidative stressed neuroblastoma cells","volume":"42","author":"Castino","year":"2007","journal-title":"Free. Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.20319","article-title":"Preventive effect of caffeic acid on lysosomal dysfunction in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarcted rats","volume":"24","author":"Kumaran","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e88","DOI":"10.1002\/cpns.88","article-title":"Back and to the Future: From Neurotoxin-Induced to Human Parkinson\u2019s Disease Models","volume":"91","author":"Airavaara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.22521","article-title":"Differential antiapoptotic effect of erythropoietin on undifferentiated and retinoic acid-differentiated SH-SY5Y cells","volume":"110","author":"Wenker","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173342","article-title":"Evaluation of the neuroprotective potential of caffeic acid phenethyl ester in a cellular model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"883","author":"Turan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2006.03.050","article-title":"Caffeic acid phenethyl ester blocks free radical generation and 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neurotoxicity","volume":"79","author":"Ma","year":"2006","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2005.04.023","article-title":"The flavanoide caffeic acid phenethyl ester blocks 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neurotoxicity","volume":"383","author":"Noelker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2012.12.041","article-title":"Caffeic acid phenethyl ester protects against the dopaminergic neuronal loss induced by 6-hydroxydopamine in rats","volume":"233","author":"Silva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroscience"}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/10\/11\/1530\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:31:17Z","timestamp":1760178677000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/10\/11\/1530"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["biom10111530"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom10111530","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-273X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]]}}}