{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T05:13:42Z","timestamp":1790745222470,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,13]],"date-time":"2020-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004421","name":"World Bank Group","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ACE02- 397 WACCBIP: Awandare"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ACE02- 397 WACCBIP: Awandare"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004421","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DEL-15-007: Awandare"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEL-15-007: Awandare"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Japan Initiative for Global Research Network on Infectious Diseases","award":["J-GRID"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J-GRID"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AMED"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AMED"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the absence of vaccines, there is a need for alternative sources of effective chemotherapy for African trypanosomiasis (AT). The increasing rate of resistance and toxicity of commercially available antitrypanosomal drugs also necessitates an investigation into the mode of action of new antitrypanosomals for AT. In this study, furoquinoline 4, 7, 8-trimethoxyfuro (2, 3-b) quinoline (compound 1) and oxylipin 9-oxo-10, 12-octadecadienoic acid (compound 2) were isolated from the plant species Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides (Lam) Zepern and Timler (root), and their in vitro efficacy and mechanisms of action investigated in Trypanosoma brucei (T. brucei), the species responsible for AT. Both compounds resulted in a selectively significant growth inhibition of T. brucei (compound 1, half-maximal effective concentration EC50 = 1.7 \u03bcM, selectivity indices SI = 74.9; compound 2, EC50 = 1.2 \u03bcM, SI = 107.3). With regards to effect on the cell cycle phases of T. brucei, only compound 1 significantly arrested the second growth-mitotic (G2-M) phase progression even though G2-M and DNA replication (S) phase arrest resulted in the overall reduction of T. brucei cells in G0-G1 for both compounds. Moreover, both compounds resulted in the aggregation and distortion of the elongated slender morphology of T. brucei. Analysis of antioxidant potential revealed that at their minimum and maximum concentrations, the compounds exhibited significant oxidative activities in T. brucei (compound 1, 22.7 \u03bcM Trolox equivalent (TE), 221.2 \u03bcM TE; compound 2, 15.0 \u03bcM TE, 297.7 \u03bcM TE). Analysis of growth kinetics also showed that compound 1 exhibited a relatively consistent growth inhibition of T. brucei at different concentrations as compared to compound 2. The results suggest that compounds 1 and 2 are promising antitrypanosomals with the potential for further development into novel AT chemotherapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10121670","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,13]],"date-time":"2020-12-13T23:39:36Z","timestamp":1607902776000},"page":"1670","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Isolation and Antitrypanosomal Characterization of Furoquinoline and Oxylipin from Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4712-5244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aboagye Kwarteng","family":"Dofuor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"West African Center for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG54, Legon, Accra, Ghana"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG54, Legon, Accra, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederick","family":"Ayertey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Plant Medicine Research, P.O. Box 73, Mampong-Akuapem, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Bolah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Plant Medicine Research, P.O. Box 73, Mampong-Akuapem, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgina Isabella","family":"Djameh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3644-9497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kwaku","family":"Kyeremeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 56, Legon, Accra, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitsuko","family":"Ohashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Parasitology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laud Kenneth","family":"Okine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West African Center for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG54, Legon, Accra, Ghana"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG54, Legon, Accra, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6725-7965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theresa Manful","family":"Gwira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West African Center for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG54, Legon, Accra, Ghana"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG54, Legon, Accra, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simarro, P.P., Cecchi, G., Franco, J.R., Paone, M., Diarra, A., Ruiz-Postigo, J.A., Fevre, E.M., Mattioli, R.C., and Jannin, J.G. (2012). 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