{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T06:18:41Z","timestamp":1790835521302,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":149,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,27]],"date-time":"2020-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The human gastrointestinal tract contains the largest population of immune cells in the body and this is a reflection of the fact that it is continuously exposed to a myriad of dietary and bacterial antigens. Although these cells produce a variety of inflammatory cytokines that could potentially promote tissue damage, in normal conditions the mucosal immune response is tightly controlled by counter-regulatory factors, which help induce and maintain gut homeostasis and tolerance. One such factor is transforming growth factor (TGF)-\u03b21, a cytokine produced by multiple lineages of leukocytes, stromal cells and epithelial cells, and virtually targets all the gut mucosal cell types. Indeed, studies in animals and humans have shown that defects in TGF-\u03b21 production and\/or signaling can lead to the development of immune-inflammatory pathologies, fibrosis and cancer in the gut. Here, we review and discuss the available evidence about the role of TGF-\u03b21 and Smad7, an inhibitor of TGF-\u03b21 activity, in gut inflammation, fibrosis and cancer with particular regard to the contribution of these two molecules in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases and colon cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11010017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,27]],"date-time":"2020-12-27T20:04:58Z","timestamp":1609099498000},"page":"17","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["Role of TGF-Beta and Smad7 in Gut Inflammation, Fibrosis and Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6354-2443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmine","family":"Stolfi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Clinical Biochemistry and Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edoardo","family":"Troncone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Marafini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Monteleone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1106442","article-title":"Immunity, inflammation, and allergy in the gut","volume":"307","author":"MacDonald","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.02.047","article-title":"Regulation of Homeostasis and Inflammation in the Intestine","volume":"140","author":"MacDonald","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e136","DOI":"10.1038\/cti.2017.9","article-title":"Transforming growth factor beta: A master regulator of the gut microbiota and immune cell interactions","volume":"6","author":"Bauche","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. 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