{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T23:34:51Z","timestamp":1792020891863,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,18]],"date-time":"2021-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610928000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic heart failure (HF) is an important clinical, social, and economic problem. A key role in HF progression is played by oxidative stress. Free oxygen radicals, formed under the conditions of hypoxia and reperfusion, participate in myocardial stunning and other forms of post-reperfusion damage. HF patients also suffer from disorders connected with saliva secretion. However, still little is known about the mechanisms that impair the secretory function of salivary glands in these patients. In the presented study, we were the first to compare the antioxidant barrier, protein glycoxidation, and nitrosative\/nitrative stress in non-stimulated (non-stimulated whole saliva (NWS)) and stimulated (SWS) saliva of HF patients. The study included 50 HF patients with normal saliva (NS) secretion (n = 27) and hyposalivation (HS) (n = 23), as well as an age- and gender-matched control group (n = 50). We demonstrated that, in NWS of HF patients with HS, the concentration of low-molecular-weight non-enzymatic antioxidants decreased (\u2193total polyphenols, \u2193ascorbic acid, \u2193reduced glutathione, \u2193albumin) compared to HF patients with normal saliva (NS) secretion, as well as the control group (except albumin). We also observed increased content of protein glycoxidation products (\u2191dityrosine, \u2191kynurenine, \u2191glycophore) in NWS and SWS of HF patients with HS compared to healthy controls. Interestingly, the content of dityrosine, N-formylkynurenine, and glycophore in NWS was also significantly higher in HF patients with HS compared to those with NS secretion. The concentration of NO was considerably lower, while the levels of peroxynitrite and nitrotyrosine were significantly higher in NWS and SWS of HF subjects with HS compared to the controls. Salivary gland dysfunction occurs in patients with chronic HF with the submandibular salivary glands being the least efficient. Oxidative\/nitrosative stress may be one of the mechanisms responsible for the impairment of salivary gland secretory function in HF patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11010119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]],"date-time":"2021-01-19T04:55:31Z","timestamp":1611032131000},"page":"119","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Salivary Gland Dysfunction in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure Is Aggravated by Nitrosative Stress, as Well as Oxidation and Glycation of Proteins"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Klimiuk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Dentistry Laboratory, Medical University of Bialystok, 24a M. Sklodowskiej-Curie Street, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4562-0951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Zalewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Dentistry Laboratory, Medical University of Bialystok, 24a M. Sklodowskiej-Curie Street, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Knapp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Bialystok, 24a M. Sklodowskiej-Curie Street, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Sawicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Bialystok, 24a M. Sklodowskiej-Curie Street, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4167-1962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerzy Robert","family":"\u0141adny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of General Surgery and Endocrinology, Medical University of Bialystok, 24a M. Sklodowskiej-Curie Street, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5609-3187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mateusz","family":"Maciejczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Ergonomics, Medical University of Bialystok, 2c Mickiewicza Street, 15-233 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c140055","article-title":"Pathophysiology of heart failure","volume":"6","author":"Tanai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compr. 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