{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T20:21:37Z","timestamp":1789935697619,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]],"date-time":"2021-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Primary myelofibrosis (PMF) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by hematopoietic stem-cell-derived clonal proliferation, leading to bone marrow (BM) fibrosis. Hematopoiesis alterations are closely associated with modifications of the BM microenvironment, characterized by defective interactions between vascular and endosteal niches. As such, neoangiogenesis, megakaryocytes hyperplasia and extensive bone marrow fibrosis, followed by osteosclerosis and bone damage, are the most relevant consequences of PMF. Moreover, bone tissue deposition, together with progressive fibrosis, represents crucial mechanisms of disabilities in patients. Although the underlying mechanisms of bone damage observed in PMF are still unclear, the involvement of cytokines, growth factors and bone marrow microenvironment resident cells have been linked to disease progression. Herein, we focused on the role of megakaryocytes and their alterations, associated with cytokines and chemokines release, in modulating functions of most of the bone marrow cell populations and in creating a complex network where impaired signaling strongly contributes to progression and disabilities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11010122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]],"date-time":"2021-01-19T04:55:31Z","timestamp":1611032131000},"page":"122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Focus on Osteosclerotic Progression in Primary Myelofibrosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6307-438X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariarita","family":"Spampinato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cesarina","family":"Giallongo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies \u201cG.F. Ingrassia\u201d, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6333-4433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, Division of Hematology, A.O.U. \u201cPoliclinico-Vittorio Emanuele\u201d, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Longhitano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"La Spina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, Division of Hematology, A.O.U. \u201cPoliclinico-Vittorio Emanuele\u201d, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Avola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grazia","family":"Scandura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, Division of Hematology, A.O.U. \u201cPoliclinico-Vittorio Emanuele\u201d, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Dulcamare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, Division of Hematology, A.O.U. \u201cPoliclinico-Vittorio Emanuele\u201d, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9380-8062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Bramanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Pathology, \u201cGiovanni Paolo II\u201d Hospital\u2013A.S.P. Ragusa, 97100 Ragusa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1837-9325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelino","family":"Di Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5934-3962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nunzio","family":"Vicario","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1614-4696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosalba","family":"Parenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8678-2183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Li Volti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4416-8556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Tibullo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1859-6319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe A.","family":"Palumbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies \u201cG.F. 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