{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T18:39:07Z","timestamp":1790707147144,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":148,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]],"date-time":"2021-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Plants from the Rosacea family are rich in natural molecules with beneficial biological properties, and they are widely appreciated and used in the food industry, perfumery, and cosmetics. In this review, we are considering Rosa damascena Mill., Rosa alba L., Rosa centifolia L., and Rosa gallica L. as raw materials important for producing commercial products, analyzing and comparing the main biological activities of their essential oils, hydrolates, and extracts. A literature search was performed to find materials describing (i) botanical characteristics; (ii) the phytochemical profile; and (iii) biological properties of the essential oil sand extracts of these so called \u201cold roses\u201d that are cultivated in Bulgaria, Turkey, India, and the Middle East. The information used is from databases PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. Roses have beneficial healing properties due to their richness of beneficial components, the secondary metabolites as flavonoids (e.g., flavones, flavonols, anthocyanins), fragrant components (essential oils, e.g., monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes), and hydrolysable and condensed tannins. Rose essential oils and extracts with their therapeutic properties\u2014as respiratory antiseptics, anti-inflammatories, mucolytics, expectorants, decongestants, and antioxidants\u2014are able to act as symptomatic prophylactics and drugs, and in this way alleviate dramatic sufferings during severe diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11010127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]],"date-time":"2021-01-19T11:39:55Z","timestamp":1611056395000},"page":"127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":130,"title":["Rose Flowers\u2014A Delicate Perfume or a Natural Healer?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3218-4487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milka","family":"Mileva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 26 Acad. G. Bontchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7784-4488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yana","family":"Ilieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 26 Acad. G. Bontchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Jovtchev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, 2 Gagarin Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6567-831X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Svetla","family":"Gateva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, 2 Gagarin Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8548-5649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maya Margaritova","family":"Zaharieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 26 Acad. G. Bontchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Almira","family":"Georgieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 26 Acad. G. Bontchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 21 Acad. G. Bontchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2577-5625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lyudmila","family":"Dimitrova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 26 Acad. G. Bontchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4241-9817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Dobreva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Roses and Aromatic Plants, 49 Osvobojdenie Blvd, 6100 Kazanlak, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsveta","family":"Angelova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, 2 Gagarin Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nelly","family":"Vilhelmova-Ilieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 26 Acad. G. Bontchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Violeta","family":"Valcheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 26 Acad. G. Bontchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hristo","family":"Najdenski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 26 Acad. G. Bontchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"40","article-title":"Turkish rose: A review of the history, ethnobotany and modern uses of rose petals, rose oil, rose water and other rose products","volume":"96","author":"Baser","year":"2012","journal-title":"HerbalGram"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcme.2015.09.005","article-title":"Rosa damascena as holy ancient herb with novel applications","volume":"6","author":"Mahboubi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"33","article-title":"The medicinal and pharmacological properties of Damascene Rose (Rosa damascena): A review","volume":"8","author":"Labban","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Herb. 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