{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T03:11:47Z","timestamp":1792033907402,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]],"date-time":"2021-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G0F1517N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G0F1517N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polyamines (PAs) are ubiquitous small aliphatic polycations important for growth, development, and environmental stress responses in plants. Here, we demonstrate that exogenous application of spermine (Spm) and spermidine (Spd) induced cell death at high concentrations, but primed resistance against the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis. At low concentrations, Spm was more effective than Spd. Treatments with higher exogenous Spd and Spm concentrations resulted in a biphasic endogenous PA accumulation. Exogenous Spm induced the accumulation of H2O2 after treatment but also after infection with B. cinerea. Both Spm and Spd induced the activities of catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and guaiacol peroxidase after treatment but also after infection with B. cinerea. The soluble sugars glucose, fructose, and sucrose accumulated after treatment with high concentrations of PAs, whereas only Spm induced sugar accumulation after infection. Total and active nitrate reductase (NR) activities were inhibited by Spm treatment, whereas Spd inhibited active NR at low concentrations but promoted active NR at high concentrations. Finally, \u03b3aminobutyric acid accumulated after treatment and infection in plants treated with high concentrations of Spm. Phenylalanine and asparagine also accumulated after infection in plants treated with a high concentration of Spm. Our data illustrate that Spm and Spd are effective in priming resistance against B. cinerea, opening the door for the development of sustainable alternatives for chemical pesticides.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11020223","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]],"date-time":"2021-02-05T08:33:48Z","timestamp":1612514028000},"page":"223","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Spermine and Spermidine Priming against Botrytis cinerea Modulates ROS Dynamics and Metabolism in Arabidopsis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5632-8422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henry Christopher","family":"Janse van Rensburg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9985-2363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anis M.","family":"Limami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1137-3614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wim","family":"Van den Ende","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, Z., Jia, D., and Liu, T. 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