{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T22:09:58Z","timestamp":1780524598260,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,7]],"date-time":"2021-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016M3A7B6908929"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016M3A7B6908929"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article aimed to identify and distinguish the various responses to silver nanoparticles (NPs) of endothelial and epithelial cells. We also assessed the significantly increased gene expression levels, as shown by microarray analysis. We evaluated the median lethal dose of NPs in each cell line and found that each value was different. We also confirmed the toxicity of 5 nm silver NPs. Meanwhile, cell death was not observed in cells exposed to 100 nm silver NPs at a high concentration. We verified that 5 nm silver NPs affected the variation in gene expression in cells through microarray analysis and observed a noticeable increase in interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-11 gene expression in early stages. This study showed noticeable variation in the expression of oxidative stress-related genes in early stages. Microarray results showed considerable variation in cell death-, apoptosis-, and cell survival-related gene expression. Of note, IL-11 gene expression was particularly increased following the exposure of endothelial and epithelial cells to 5 nm silver NPs. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that intracellular genes specifically responded to silver NPs in respiratory epithelial cells and endothelial cells. Among cytokine genes, IL-11 expression was noticeably increased. Additionally, we confirmed that NP toxicity was affected by NP size and dose.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11020234","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,8]],"date-time":"2021-02-08T20:51:51Z","timestamp":1612817511000},"page":"234","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Increased Interleukin-11 and Stress-Related Gene Expression in Human Endothelial and Bronchial Epithelial Cells Exposed to Silver Nanoparticles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2516-4274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiyoung","family":"Jang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea"},{"name":"Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea"},{"name":"Humidifier Disinfectant Health Center, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9851-0137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In-Hong","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea"},{"name":"Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1962191","article-title":"Molecular self-assembly and nanochemistry: A chemical strategy for the synthesis of nanostructures","volume":"254","author":"Whitesides","year":"1991","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Saz, M.C. (2014). Toxicologic Evaluation of Silver Nanoparticles. [Ph.D. Thesis, Hacettepe University]."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s10961-009-9149-8","article-title":"Nanoscience and technology publications and patents: A review of social science studies and search strategies","volume":"36","author":"Huang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Technol. Transf."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"049501","DOI":"10.1088\/2043-6254\/aad12b","article-title":"Corrigendum: Silver nanoparticles: Synthesis, properties, toxicology, applications and perspectives (Adv. Nat. Sci: Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 4 033001)","volume":"9","author":"Tran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Nat. Sci. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1186\/1556-276X-7-151","article-title":"Three strategies to stabilise nearly monodispersed silver nanoparticles in aqueous solution","volume":"7","author":"Stevenson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2005.10.016","article-title":"Linking inflammation and atherogenesis: Soluble markers identified for the detection of risk factors and for early risk assessment","volume":"366","author":"Wu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2012.03.006","article-title":"The effects of sub-lethal concentrations of silver nanoparticles on inflammatory and stress genes in human macrophages using cDNA microarray analysis","volume":"33","author":"Lim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.15.1.797","article-title":"gp130 and the Interleukin-6 Family of Cytokines","volume":"15","author":"Taga","year":"1997","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2013.06.017","article-title":"Interleukin-11 Is the Dominant IL-6 Family Cytokine during Gastrointestinal Tumorigenesis and Can Be Targeted Therapeutically","volume":"24","author":"Putoczki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.leu.2401514","article-title":"Hematopoietic, immunomodulatory and epithelial effects of interleukin-11","volume":"13","author":"Schwertschlag","year":"1999","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2015.08.001","article-title":"Recombinant human interleukin-11 (IL-11) is a protective factor in severe sepsis with thrombocytopenia: A case-control study","volume":"76","author":"Wan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0410226","article-title":"More than a sidekick: The IL-6 family cytokine IL-11 links inflammation to cancer","volume":"88","author":"Putoczki","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4652(199608)168:2<362::AID-JCP15>3.0.CO;2-5","article-title":"Murine Interleukin-11 (IL-11) Is Expressed at High Levels in the Hippocampus and Expression Is Developmentally Regulated in the Testis","volume":"168","author":"Du","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3897","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V89.11.3897","article-title":"Interleukin-11: Review of Molecular, Cell Biology, and Clinical Use","volume":"89","author":"Du","year":"1997","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.3.765","article-title":"Direct and synergistic effects of interleukin 11 on murine hemopoiesis in culture","volume":"88","author":"Musashi","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI3132","article-title":"Interleukin-11 promotes T cell polarization and prevents acute graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation","volume":"102","author":"Hill","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-300539","article-title":"IL-11 is a parietal cell cytokine that induces atrophic gastritis","volume":"61","author":"Howlett","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2016.01.004","article-title":"The role of IL-11 in immunity and cancer","volume":"373","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2010.05.004","article-title":"Repeated-dose toxicity and inflammatory responses in mice by oral administration of silver nanoparticles","volume":"30","author":"Park","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Novotny, J.A., Green, M.H., and Boston, R.C. (2003). Mathematical Modeling in Nutrition and the Health Sciences. Taurine 6, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-9019-8"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327114538988","article-title":"Increased oxidative stress and activated heat shock proteins in human cell lines by silver nanoparticles","volume":"34","author":"Xin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2011.11.002","article-title":"Toxicity of silver nanoparticles\u2014Nanoparticle or silver ion?","volume":"208","author":"Beer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2016.06.002","article-title":"A panoramic review and in silico analysis of IL-11 structure and function","volume":"32","author":"Negahdaripour","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.3780241","article-title":"Interleukin-11 Up-Regulates Survivin Expression in Endothelial Cells through a Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription-3 Pathway","volume":"81","author":"Mahboubi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5579","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-13-2492","article-title":"Molecular Pathways: IL11 as a Tumor-Promoting Cytokine\u2014Translational Implications for Cancers","volume":"20","author":"Ernst","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2015.07.015","article-title":"Emerging roles for IL-11 signaling in cancer development and progression: Focus on breast cancer","volume":"26","author":"Johnstone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/11\/2\/234\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:20:45Z","timestamp":1760160045000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/11\/2\/234"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,7]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["biom11020234"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom11020234","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-273X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,7]]}}}