{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T10:03:44Z","timestamp":1778753024183,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,16]],"date-time":"2021-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018\/02\/X\/NZ4\/02499"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/02\/X\/NZ4\/02499"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"statutory funds of Maj Institute of Pharmacology PAS","award":["assigned to Dept. of Physiology  (GH) and to Dept. of Brain Biochemistry (IN)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["assigned to Dept. of Physiology  (GH) and to Dept. of Brain Biochemistry (IN)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study demonstrates how exposure to psychosocial crowding stress (CS) for 3, 7, and 14 days affects glutamate synapse functioning and signal transduction in the frontal cortex (FC) of rats. CS effects on synaptic activity were evaluated in FC slices of the primary motor cortex (M1) by measuring field potential (FP) amplitude, paired-pulse ratio (PPR), and long-term potentiation (LTP). Protein expression of GluA1, GluN2B mGluR1a\/5, VGLUT1, and VGLUT2 was assessed in FC by western blot. The body\u2019s response to CS was evaluated by measuring body weight and the plasma level of plasma corticosterone (CORT), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and interleukin 1 beta (IL1B). CS 3 14d increased FP and attenuated LTP in M1, while PPR was augmented in CS 14d. The expression of GluA1, GluN2B, and mGluR1a\/5 was up-regulated in CS 3d and downregulated in CS 14d. VGLUTs expression tended to increase in CS 7d. The failure to blunt the effects of chronic CS on FP and LTP in M1 suggests the impairment of habituation mechanisms by psychosocial stressors. PPR augmented by chronic CS with increased VGLUTs level in the CS 7d indicates that prolonged CS exposure changed presynaptic signaling within the FC. The CS bidirectional profile of changes in glutamate receptors\u2019 expression seems to be a common mechanism evoked by stress in the FC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11020294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,16]],"date-time":"2021-02-16T08:09:09Z","timestamp":1613462949000},"page":"294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Psychosocial Crowding Stress-Induced Changes in Synaptic Transmission and Glutamate Receptor Expression in the Rat Frontal Cortex"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0169-3916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Zelek-Molik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sm\u0119tna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5167-9277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bartosz","family":"Bobula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sm\u0119tna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"G\u0105dek-Michalska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sm\u0119tna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Chor\u0105zka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sm\u0119tna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1068-1028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Bielawski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sm\u0119tna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justyna","family":"Ku\u015bmierczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sm\u0119tna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2757-6101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Siwiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sm\u0119tna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2758-3184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Wilczkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sm\u0119tna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3059-5688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Hess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sm\u0119tna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7821-0206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irena","family":"Nalepa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sm\u0119tna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(01)00449-8","article-title":"Animal models of social stress: Effects on behavior and brain neurochemical systems","volume":"73","author":"Blanchard","year":"2001","journal-title":"Physiol. 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