{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T02:18:14Z","timestamp":1791944294867,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,5]],"date-time":"2021-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["16H01811 (M.T.)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16H01811 (M.T.)"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["18K11003 (A.S.-S.)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18K11003 (A.S.-S.)"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["18K11139 (T.T.)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18K11139 (T.T.)"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["19K11781 (Y.K.)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19K11781 (Y.K.)"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["18K11036 (T.H.)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18K11036 (T.H.)"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["19H03391 (T.M.)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19H03391 (T.M.)"]}]},{"name":"KAKEN Grant for Assistance from Kanazawa Medical University","award":["K2019-24 (M.T.)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K2019-24 (M.T.)"]}]},{"name":"KAKEN Grant for Assistance from Kanazawa Medical University","award":["K2020-26 (M.T.)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K2020-26 (M.T.)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The habitual intake of large amounts of sugar, which has been implicated in the onset\/progression of lifestyle-related diseases (LSRD), induces the excessive production of glyceraldehyde (GA), an intermediate of sugar metabolism, in neuronal cells, hepatocytes, and cardiomyocytes. Reactions between GA and intracellular proteins produce toxic advanced glycation end-products (toxic AGEs, TAGE), the accumulation of which contributes to various diseases, such as Alzheimer\u2019s disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, and cardiovascular disease. The cellular leakage of TAGE affects the surrounding cells via the receptor for AGEs (RAGE), thereby promoting the onset\/progression of LSRD. We demonstrated that the intracellular accumulation of TAGE triggered numerous cellular disorders, and also that TAGE leaked into the extracellular space, thereby increasing extracellular TAGE levels in circulating fluids. Intracellular signaling and the production of reactive oxygen species are affected by extracellular TAGE and RAGE interactions, which, in turn, facilitate the intracellular generation of TAGE, all of which may contribute to the pathological changes observed in LSRD. In this review, we discuss the relationships between intracellular TAGE levels and numerous types of cell damage. The novel concept of the \u201cTAGE theory\u201d is expected to open new perspectives for research into LSRD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11030387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,7]],"date-time":"2021-03-07T20:20:43Z","timestamp":1615148443000},"page":"387","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Intracellular Toxic AGEs (TAGE) Triggers Numerous Types of Cell Damage"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1057-3764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masayoshi","family":"Takeuchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada-machi, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1258-1725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akiko","family":"Sakasai-Sakai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada-machi, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0514-8584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takanobu","family":"Takata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada-machi, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun-ichi","family":"Takino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1 Hirokoshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8777-329X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshiki","family":"Koriyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 3500-3 Minamitamagaki, Suzuka, Mie 513-8670, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5809-8889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chigusa","family":"Kikuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayako","family":"Furukawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 3500-3 Minamitamagaki, Suzuka, Mie 513-8670, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kentaro","family":"Nagamine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1 Hirokoshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takamitsu","family":"Hori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1 Hirokoshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamihide","family":"Matsunaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2019.107843","article-title":"Global and regional diabetes prevalence estimates for 2019 and projections for 2030 and 2045: Results from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas, 9th edition","volume":"157","author":"Saeedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. 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