{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T07:03:31Z","timestamp":1780729411049,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,15]],"date-time":"2021-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP18fk0108042h0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP18fk0108042h0002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP17H01690"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP17H01690"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Galectin-9 (Gal-9) is a \u03b2-galactoside-binding lectin capable of promoting or suppressing the progression of infectious diseases. This protein is susceptible to cleavage of its linker-peptides by several proteases, and the resulting cleaved forms, N-terminal carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) and C-terminal CRD, bind to various glycans. It has been suggested that full-length (FL)-Gal-9 and the truncated (Tr)-Gal-9s could exert different functions from one another via their different glycan-binding activities. We propose that FL-Gal-9 regulates the pathogenesis of infectious diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, HIV co-infected with opportunistic infection (HIV\/OI), dengue, malaria, leptospirosis, and tuberculosis (TB). We also suggest that the blood levels of FL-Gal-9 reflect the severity of dengue, malaria, and HIV\/OI, and those of Tr-Gal-9 markedly reflect the severity of HIV\/OI. Recently, matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9) was suggested to be an indicator of respiratory failure from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as well as useful for differentiating pulmonary from extrapulmonary TB. The protease cleavage of FL-Gal-9 may lead to uncontrolled hyper-immune activation, including a cytokine storm. In summary, Gal-9 has potential to reflect the disease severity for the acute and chronic infectious diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11030430","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,15]],"date-time":"2021-03-15T11:38:58Z","timestamp":1615808338000},"page":"430","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Blood Levels of Galectin-9, an Immuno-Regulating Molecule, Reflect the Severity for the Acute and Chronic Infectious Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5682-6835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroko","family":"Iwasaki-Hozumi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science and Social Welfare, Kibi International University, Takahashi 716-8508, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haorile","family":"Chagan-Yasutan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science and Social Welfare, Kibi International University, Takahashi 716-8508, Japan"},{"name":"Mongolian Psychosomatic Medicine Department, International Mongolian Medicine Hospital of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot 010065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yugo","family":"Ashino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sendai City Hospital, Sendai 982-8502, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0947-7625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toshio","family":"Hattori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science and Social Welfare, Kibi International University, Takahashi 716-8508, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6416","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.10.6416","article-title":"Molecular definition of a novel human galectin which is immunogenic in patients with Hodgkin\u2019s disease","volume":"272","author":"Tureci","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. 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