{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T20:22:03Z","timestamp":1791404523541,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,22]],"date-time":"2021-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Centre in Poland","award":["NCN2019\/33\/B\/NZ9\/02018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NCN2019\/33\/B\/NZ9\/02018"]}]},{"name":"Statutory Programme of the Institute of Oceanology, PAS","award":["II.3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["II.3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Global processes, such as climate change, frequent and distant travelling and population growth, increase the risk of viral infection spread. Unfortunately, the number of effective and accessible medicines for the prevention and treatment of these infections is limited. Therefore, in recent years, efforts have been intensified to develop new antiviral medicines or vaccines. In this review article, the structure and activity of the most promising antiviral cyanobacterial products are presented. The antiviral cyanometabolites are mainly active against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other enveloped viruses such as herpes simplex virus (HSV), Ebola or the influenza viruses. The majority of the metabolites are classified as lectins, monomeric or dimeric proteins with unique amino acid sequences. They all show activity at the nanomolar range but differ in carbohydrate specificity and recognize a different epitope on high mannose oligosaccharides. The cyanobacterial lectins include cyanovirin-N (CV-N), scytovirin (SVN), microvirin (MVN), Microcystisviridis lectin (MVL), and Oscillatoria agardhii agglutinin (OAA). Cyanobacterial polysaccharides, peptides, and other metabolites also have potential to be used as antiviral drugs. The sulfated polysaccharide, calcium spirulan (CA-SP), inhibited infection by enveloped viruses, stimulated the immune system\u2019s response, and showed antitumor activity. Microginins, the linear peptides, inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), therefore, their use in the treatment of COVID-19 patients with injury of the ACE2 expressing organs is considered. In addition, many cyanobacterial extracts were revealed to have antiviral activities, but the active agents have not been identified. This fact provides a good basis for further studies on the therapeutic potential of these microorganisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11030474","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,22]],"date-time":"2021-03-22T11:13:26Z","timestamp":1616411606000},"page":"474","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Antiviral Cyanometabolites\u2014A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Hanna","family":"Mazur-Marzec","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Marine Biotechnology, University of Gda\u0144sk, Marsza\u0142ka J. Pi\u0142sudskiego 46, PL-81-378 Gdynia, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6601-5825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Ceg\u0142owska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Science, Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Warszawy 55, PL-81-712 Sopot, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6732-3646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Konkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Marine Biotechnology, University of Gda\u0144sk, Marsza\u0142ka J. Pi\u0142sudskiego 46, PL-81-378 Gdynia, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3867-7688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Pyr\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virogenetics Laboratory of Virology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, PL-30-387 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Knipe, D.M., and Howley, P.M. (2013). Fields Virology, Wolters Kluwer Health\/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0709-x","article-title":"The new scope of virus taxonomy: Partitioning the virosphere into 15 hierarchical ranks","volume":"5","author":"Gorbalenya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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