{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T19:22:28Z","timestamp":1789586548783,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]],"date-time":"2021-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Porphyridium cruentum is a unicellular microalga that can synthesize and secrete to the culture medium-high amounts of polysaccharides. In this study, the immunomodulatory, cytotoxic effect and antioxidant activity of the sulfated polysaccharides (PcSPs) were determinate. The PcSPs were precipitated with 2% Cetylpyridinium bromide hydrate and ethanol and purified by dialysis. The extract was lyophilized for its characterization by Fourier transform-Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antioxidant activity of PcSPs were examined with assay 2,2\u2032-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and compared with that of the biomass, observing significant differences between the results obtained from the PcSPs and biomass. To determine their ability to induce cytokine production Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1) and interleukina-6 (IL-6), the immunomodulatory activity of the PcSPs has been evaluated. In the mouse macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7), PcSPs are potent inducers of IL-6 cytokines but mainly of TNF-\u03b1. The cytotoxic capacity of PcSPs was measured by the MTT colorimetric assay in colorectal carcinoma (HTC-116), human leukemia (U-937 and HL-60), breast cancer (MCF-7), lung cancer (NCI-H460) and human gingival fibroblasts (HGF-1) cell lines. The IC50 value of 2311.20 \u00b5g mL\u22121, 1676.74 \u00b5g mL\u22121, 1089.63 \u00b5g mL\u22121, 5498.14 \u00b5g mL\u22121 and 2861.49 \u00b5g mL\u22121 respectively in the tumor lines and 5022.55 \u00b5g mL\u22121 in gingival fibroblasts were obtained. Our study suggested that PcSPs from P. cruentum have a moderate immunomodulatory and cytotoxic effect. The results obtained indicate that the polysaccharides from P. cruentum are potent inducers of IL-6 cytokines and, most importantly, of TNF-\u03b1. PcSPs showed no evidence of antigenic activity or hypersensitivity when administered intraperitoneally in mice. Furthermore, the in vivo study revealed an improvement of local inflammatory response against stress in the peritoneum. These findings suggest that the PcSPs from P. cruentum might have potential as a valuable ingredient in nutraceutical products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11040488","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]],"date-time":"2021-03-24T15:42:19Z","timestamp":1616600539000},"page":"488","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Immunomodulatory, Antioxidant Activity and Cytotoxic Effect of Sulfated Polysaccharides from Porphyridium cruentum. (S.F.Gray) N\u00e4geli"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2170-6323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virginia","family":"Casas-Arrojo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda y Desarrollo Azul (IBYDA), Departamento de Ecolog\u00eda y Geolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de M\u00e1laga, Facultad de Ciencias, 29071 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9868-015X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Decara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda y Desarrollo Azul (IBYDA), Departamento de Ecolog\u00eda y Geolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de M\u00e1laga, Facultad de Ciencias, 29071 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de M\u00e1laga, Universidad de M\u00e1laga, 29071 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9158-1861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"de los \u00c1ngeles Arrojo-Agudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda y Desarrollo Azul (IBYDA), Departamento de Ecolog\u00eda y Geolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de M\u00e1laga, Facultad de Ciencias, 29071 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8562-3842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"P\u00e9rez-Manr\u00edquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bot\u00e1nica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanogr\u00e1ficas, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4030000, Chile"},{"name":"Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnol\u00f3gico, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4030000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Abdala-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda y Desarrollo Azul (IBYDA), Departamento de Ecolog\u00eda y Geolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de M\u00e1laga, Facultad de Ciencias, 29071 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1038\/387272a0","article-title":"Evolution of the nitrogen cycle and its influence on the biological sequestration of CO2 in the ocean","volume":"387","author":"Falkowski","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1039\/b701534h","article-title":"Marine natural products","volume":"25","author":"Blunt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. 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