{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T19:34:13Z","timestamp":1790883253926,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":171,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]],"date-time":"2021-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent advances in medical treatments have been revolutionary in shaping the management and treatment landscape of patients, notably cancer patients. Over the last decade, patients with diverse forms of locally advanced or metastatic cancer, such as melanoma, lung cancers, and many blood-borne malignancies, have seen their life expectancies increasing significantly. Notwithstanding these encouraging results, the present-day struggle with these treatments concerns patients who remain largely unresponsive, as well as those who experience severely toxic side effects. Gaining deeper insight into the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these variable responses will bring us closer to developing more effective therapeutics. To assess these mechanisms, non-invasive imaging techniques provide valuable whole-body information with precise targeting. An example of such is immuno-PET (Positron Emission Tomography), which employs radiolabeled antibodies to detect specific molecules of interest. Nanobodies, as the smallest derived antibody fragments, boast ideal characteristics for this purpose and have thus been used extensively in preclinical models and, more recently, in clinical early-stage studies as well. Their merit stems from their high affinity and specificity towards a target, among other factors. Furthermore, their small size (~14 kDa) allows them to easily disperse through the bloodstream and reach tissues in a reliable and uniform manner. In this review, we will discuss the powerful imaging potential of nanobodies, primarily through the lens of imaging malignant tumors but also touching upon their capability to image a broader variety of nonmalignant diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11050637","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T02:31:43Z","timestamp":1619490703000},"page":"637","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Nanobodies for Medical Imaging: About Ready for Prime Time?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"L\u00e9a","family":"Berland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, CNRS, INSERM, IRCAN, 06100 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9844-247X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Abousaway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Mines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shruti","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Hofman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, CNRS, INSERM, IRCAN, 06100 Nice, France"},{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, FHU OncoAge, Nice Center Hospital, 06100 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Rashidian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"138","article-title":"RECIST 1.1\u2014Standardisation and Disease-Specific Adaptations: Perspectives from the RECIST Working Group","volume":"62","author":"Schwartz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. 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