{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T01:02:41Z","timestamp":1785459761917,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]],"date-time":"2021-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFA0107102, 2017YFA0105601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFA0107102, 2017YFA0105601"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31771524, 81970333, 31901044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31771524, 81970333, 31901044"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles, constantly undergoing shape changes, which are controlled by mitochondrial movement, fusion, and fission. Mitochondria play a pivotal role in various cellular processes under physiological and pathological conditions, including metabolism, superoxide generation, calcium homeostasis, and apoptosis. Abnormal mitochondrial morphology and mitochondrial protein expression are always closely related to the health status of cells. Analysis of mitochondrial morphology and mitochondrial protein expression in situ is widely used to reflect the abnormality of cell function in the chemical fixed sample. Paraformaldehyde (PFA), the most commonly used fixative in cellular immunostaining, still has disadvantages, including loss of antigenicity and disruption of morphology during fixation. We tested the effect of ethanol (ETHO), PFA, and glutaraldehyde (GA) fixation on cellular mitochondria. The results showed that 3% PFA and 1.5% GA (PFA-GA) combination reserved mitochondrial morphology better than them alone in situ in cells. Mitochondrial network and protein antigenicity were well maintained, indicated by preserved MitoTracker and mitochondrial immunostaining after PFA-GA fixation. Our results suggest that the PFA-GA combination is a valuable fixative for the study of mitochondria in situ.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11050711","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]],"date-time":"2021-05-11T02:14:05Z","timestamp":1620699245000},"page":"711","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["The Combination of Paraformaldehyde and Glutaraldehyde Is a Potential Fixative for Mitochondria"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yuan","family":"Qin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenting","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anqi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yufei","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangang","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Chongqing 400037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guohua","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2008.07.008","article-title":"Positioning mitochondrial plasticity within cellular signaling cascades","volume":"1793","author":"Soubannier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochim. 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